Fig. 3.

Effects of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), c-Fos, and microglia in the amygdala. (A) Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of BDNF by RT-PCR analysis. (B) Expression of c-Fos by Western blot is shown. (C-F) Immunohistochemical data are shown. mRNA expression of (G) CD11b and (H) GFAP by RT-PCR and the expression of (I-L) Iba-1 and(M-P) GFAP by immunohistochemical analysis. Insets are enlargements of rectangle. Scale bars = 100 μm. The results are expressed as the mean ± SE. ANOVA test; #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 chronic restraint stress (CRS) vs. sham or PGE alone group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 CRS + PGE vs. CRS group. ANOVA, analysis of variance; BLA, basolateral amygdala; CeA, central amygdala; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.