Fig. 1.

Macrophage polarization and effects of ginsenosides on the expressions of M1 and M2 marker genes in peritoneal macrophages. (A) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with vehicle or LPS 10 ng/mL for 5 h, and RT-PCR was then performed for proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes. The data shown are representative of three independent experiments. (B) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with the indicated concentrations of each ginsenoside for 1 h, and then treated with vehicle or LPS 10 ng/mL for 5 h. RT-PCR for proinflammatory genes and anti-inflammatory genes was performed by targeting arginase-1 and COX-2. COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL-10, interleukin 10; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.