Fig. 2.

Structure of ginsenoside Rg₃ and its effect on the expressions of M1 marker genes in macrophages. (A) The structure of ginsenoside Rg₃. (B) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with the indicated concentrations of ginsenoside Rg₃ for 1 h, and then treated with vehicle or LPS 10 ng/mL for 5 h, and RT-PCR was performed for the proinflammatory genes, COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α. The data shown are representative of three independent experiments. COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL-1β, interleukin-1 beta; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.