The SERCA transport cycle with structural states relevant to the present study. The preincubation and starting conditions used herein are indicated with corresponding structures of SERCA. Shown are the calcium-free E2 state (Protein Data Bank code 1IWO), an E1-like state promoted by calcium (Protein Data Bank code 1SU4), an E2-like state promoted by ATP (Protein Data Bank code 4H1W), and a catalytically active E1-ATP-Ca2+ state (Protein Data Bank code 1T5S). For condition iv with low calcium and high ATP concentrations, PLN inhibition appears to follow the on-pathway E2 to E1 transition; however, the structural state of SERCA under these conditions is unknown.