Table 2.
Determinants of hookworm and S. stercoralis mono- and co-infection. RRR in bold were significant at 5% level. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010 in 60 villages of Preah Vihear Province, North Cambodia, among 2502 participants aged 1 year and older
| Variable | Category | S. stercoralis mono-infection | Hookworm mono-infection | Co-infection | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRR | 95% BCI | RRR | 95% BCI | RRR | 95% BCI | ||
| Sex | Female | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Male | 2.01 | 1.56–2.54 | 1.47 | 1.15–1.88 | 2.06 | 1.65–2.62 | |
| Age (years) | 6–18 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| < 6 | 0.69 | 0.40–1.22 | 0.29 | 0.15–0.52 | 0.25 | 0.15–0.40 | |
| 19–49 | 1.18 | 0.88–1.56 | 1.06 | 0.79–1.41 | 0.74 | 0.56–0.97 | |
| ≥ 50 | 1.59 | 1.06–2.37 | 0.87 | 0.57–1.33 | 0.86 | 0.57–1.27 | |
| Socioeconomic status | Least poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Poor | 1.1 | 0.82–1.49 | 0.79 | 0.58–1.08 | 1.13 | 0.84–1.51 | |
| Poorest | 1.56 | 1.13–2.17 | 1.49 | 1.07–2.05 | 1.67 | 1.22–2.33 | |
| Own dog | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.21 | 0.92–1.60 | 0.99 | 0.76–1.29 | 0.89 | 0.68–1.16 | |
| Reported regular defecation place | Forest | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Toilet | 0.65 | 0.41–1.01 | 0.51 | 0.31–0.83 | 0.43 | 0.25–0.71 | |
| Rice field of water | 0.84 | 0.54–1.31 | 0.72 | 0.44–1.16 | 0.92 | 0.62–1.37 | |
| Behind the house | 0.9 | 0.66–1.27 | 1.1 | 0.79–1.52 | 1.17 | 0.84–1.61 | |
| Boiling drinking water | Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes during dry or wet season but not both | 1.13 | 0.66–2.02 | 1.9 | 1.18–3.12 | 1.29 | 0.77–2.15 | |
| Yes both dry and wet season | 1.14 | 0.81–1.63 | 0.78 | 0.54–1.13 | 0.67 | 0.47–0.95 | |
| Wearing shoes, frequency | Often or always | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Sometimes or never | 0.47 | 0.29–0.76 | 0.71 | 0.46–1.09 | 0.88 | 0.61–1.30 | |
| Do you know anything about worms? | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 1.29 | 0.92–1.85 | 1.1 | 0.78–1.58 | 1.48 | 1.06–2.07 | |
| Distance to health facility (minutes) | Close (1–20) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Less close (21–30) | 1.06 | 0.73–1.55 | 1.18 | 0.77–1.71 | 1.53 | 1.07–2.28 | |
| Least close (≥ 31) | 1.1 | 0.70–1.80 | 1.3 | 0.78–2.12 | 1.7 | 1.09–2.73 | |
| Not applicableb | 0.9 | 0.62–1.33 | 1.13 | 0.76–1.67 | 1.32 | 0.88–1.96 | |
| Ever treated for worms | No or don’t know | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Yes | 0.79 | 0.59–1.06 | 0.58 | 0.43–0.77 | 0.43 | 0.32–0.57 | |
| District | Tbaeng Mean Chey | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| Rovieng | 0.78 | 0.40–1.27 | 0.29 | 0.19–0.46 | 0.24 | 0.13–0.43 | |
| Chey Saen | 0.97 | 0.48–1.77 | 0.34 | 0.20–0.58 | 0.51 | 0.25–0.97 | |
| Choam Khsant | 1.96 | 0.93–3.76 | 0.59 | 0.32–1.04 | 2.33 | 1.18–4.31 | |
| Sangkom Thmei | 0.9 | 0.39–1.96 | 2.09 | 1.13–4.04 | 2.35 | 1.04–4.70 | |
| Kuleaen | 1.33 | 0.62–2.51 | 1.1 | 0.61–1.98 | 2.49 | 1.25–5.09 | |
aThe relative rate ratio for each multinomial outcome category compares the risk to that of non-infected participants (baseline outcome group)
bParticipants who never used the health facility
Abbreviations: RRR relative rate ratio (posterior median), BCI Bayesian credible interval