Table 2.
ICC values reported in developmental task-based longitudinal fMRI studies. Reliability: poor (<0.4), fair (0.41–0.59), good (0.6–0.74), and excellent (0.75–1) (Cicchetti, 2001). Region approach: ICC calculated for 1) ROIs − anatomically derived ROIs, 2) fMRI ROIs − functionally derived ROIs, or 3) at a voxelwise level. Numbering within the ICCs/ROIs column highlights differences between age groups or fMRI contrasts for a given study.
| Author | Sample | Task | Region Approach/Contrast | ICCs / ROIs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Koolschijn et al. (2011) | N = 10; 8–11 yrs N = 12; 14–15 yrs N = 10; 18–25 yrs Design: 2 waves ∼3.5 yr interval |
Cognitive switch task (rule change) |
ROIs Contrast: First warning > positive feedback |
1) 8–11 yrs: Poor: all ROIs 2) 14–15 yrs: Poor: insula Fair: frontal gyrus Good: parietal cortex, precuneus, angular gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex 3) 18–25 yrs: Poor: orbitofrontal gyrus Fair: insula, parietal cortex, frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex Good: parietal, precuneus, frontal gyrus |
| van den Bulk et al. (2013) | N = 27; 12–19 yrs Design: 3 waves ∼6 month interval |
Face attention paradigm (fearful, happy, neutral) | ROIs Contrast: All faces > fixation |
Poor: medial prefrontal cortex, R lateral prefrontal cortex, amygdala Fair: L lateral prefrontal cortex Excellent: inferior occipital cortex |
| Britton et al. (2013) | N = 12; 8–17 yrs Design: 2 waves 121 ± 50 day interval |
Emotional dot-probe task (angry, fearful, neutral faces) |
Voxelwise ICC > 0.56 Contrast: Masked or Unmasked Angry Bias Fearful Bias |
1) Unmasked Angry Bias: Good: inferior frontal gyrus 2) Unmasked Fearful Bias: Excellent: inferior frontal gyrus 3) Masked Fearful Bias: Excellent: L amygdala/para-hippocampus 4) Fearful incongruent > fixation: Excellent: L/R amygdala/para-hippocampus |
| Ordaz et al. (2013) | N = 123; 9–26 yrs Design: Up to 6 waves ∼1 yr interval |
Visual anti-saccade task | ROIs Contrast: Antisaccade > fixation | Poor: supplementary and frontal eye-field, pre- supplementary motor area, posterior parietal cortex, dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, putamen Fair: R dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
| Braams et al. (2015) | N = 238; 8–25 yrs Design: 2 waves ∼2 yr interval | Reward task (gambling game) |
ROIs Contrast: Win > lose |
Poor: nucleus accumbens |
| Qu et al. (2015) | N = 23; 15–17 yrs Design: 2 waves ∼1.5 years |
Balloon analog risk task | fMRI ROIs Contrast: Cash out > baseline |
Poor: ventral striatum, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex |
| Vetter et al. (2015) | N = 144; 14 yrs Design: 2 waves ∼2 yr interval |
Emotional attention (IAPS matching task, negative, positive, neutral) | fMRI ROIs Contrast: Negative attended pictures > baseline |
Poor: medial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala Excellent: fusiform gyrus |
| Braams and Crone (2016) | N = 254; 8–27 yrs Design: 2 waves ∼2 yr interval |
Heads/tails gambling task | ROIs Contrast: Friend > self |
Poor: ventral medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, temporoparietal junction |
| McCormick et al. (2016) | N = 20; 14 yrs Design: 2 waves ∼1 yr interval |
Go/nogo task | fMRI ROI Contrast: Successful nogo > baseline |
Poor: ventral lateral prefrontal cortex |
| Peters et al. (2016) | N = 74; 8–12 yrs N = 89; 13–16 yrs N = 45; 17–25 yrs Design: 2 waves ∼2 yr interval |
Feedback learning task | ROIs Contrast: Learning > application |
1) 8–12 yrs: Poor: superior parietal cortex Fair: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, anterior cingulate cortex 2) 13–16 yrs: Fair: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Good: superior parietal cortex, supplementary motor area, anterior cingulate cortex 3) 17–25 yrs: Poor: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Fair: superior parietal cortex, supplementary motor area, anterior cingulate cortex |
| White et al. (2016) | N = 39; 10–17 yrs Design: 2 waves 9.36 ± 2.09 week interval |
Emotional dot-probe task (angry and neutral) |
Voxelwise ICC > 0.41 ROI of amygdala Contrast: All conditions > baseline Angry Bias Angry > neutral |
1) All conditions > baseline: Good: inferior, precentral and middle frontal gyrus Excellent: middle frontal gyrus 2) Angry Bias: Poor: amygdala Fair: L claustrum, L insula, L inferior frontal gyrus 3) Angry > Neutral: Poor: amygdala |
| Vetter et al. (2017) | N = 104, 14 yrs Design: 2 waves ∼2 yr interval |
Cognitive control (interference switching task) Reward (intertemporal choice) Emotional attention (IAPS matching task, negative, positive, neutral) |
fMRI ROIs Contrast: Switch incongruent > baseline Contrast: Intertemporal decision phase > baseline Contrast: Negative attended pictures > baseline |
Poor: R dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, R dorsal anterior cingulate cortex Fair: posterior parietal cortex, L dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, L dorsal anterior cingulate cortex Good: superior occipital cortex Poor: L ventral striatum Fair: anterior cingulate cortex, R ventral striatum Excellent: L/R superior parietal lobe, L/R fusiform gyrus, superior occipital cortex Poor: medial prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala Good: R superior occipital cortex Excellent: fusiform gyrus, L superior occipital cortex |