Figure 7.

Inhibitors of apoptosis protein reprogram metabolic activity in both naive and Th1-primed macrophages during macrophage polarization. Naïve and Th1-primed RAW264.7A murine MΦ with (A) Naïve and (B) Th1 primed RAW264.7A murine MΦ (M1; iNOS+) were treated with metformin and cultured in both normal and high glucose condition in the presence and absence of birinapant and cultured for indicated time points. NO titer was quantified in the culture supernatants by the Griess reagent method. Data shown here is ±SEM from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was conducted using two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; and ***p < 0.001).