Table 3.

Mediation effect analyses with internal engagement at Time 3 as the mediator (N = 425–427).

Regression models summary	DV: Personal growth (Time 4)						DV: Academic achievement (Time 4)
	IV: Time 1 Cognitive-behavioral competence			IV: Time 1 General PYD			IV: Time 1 Cognitive-behavioral competence			IV: Time 1 General PYD
	B	SE	t	B	SE	t	B	SE	t	B	SE	t
Total effect of IV on DV	0.16	0.03	5.42***	0.21	0.03	6.11***	0.33	0.06	5.43***	0.38	0.07	5.43***
IV TO MEDIATORS
Time 3 AC	0.26	0.04	6.08***	0.28	0.05	5.67***	0.26	0.04	6.03***	0.27	0.05	5.61***
Time 3 LWP	0.21	0.04	4.75***	0.25	0.08	4.92***	0.21	0.04	4.77***	0.25	0.05	4.89***
DIRECT EFFECTS OF MEDIATORS ON DV
Time 3 AC	0.16	0.04	4.12***	0.16	0.04	4.15***	0.36	0.08	4.48***	0.37	0.08	4.59***
Time 3 LWP	0.06	0.04	1.67	0.06	0.04	1.52	0.04	0.08	0.48	0.03	0.08	0.40
Direct Effect of IV on DV	0.11	0.03	3.58***	0.15	0.03	4.38***	0.23	0.06	3.75***	0.27	0.07	3.86***
Meditation effect summary	Point estimate	Bootstrapping (BC 95% CI)		Point estimate	Bootstrapping (BC 95% CI)		Point estimate	Bootstrapping (BC 95% CI)		Point estimate	Bootstrapping (BC 95% CI)
		Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper		Lower	Upper
Total	0.05	0.03	0.09	0.06	0.03	0.09	0.10	0.05	0.16	0.11	0.06	0.18
Time 3 AC	0.04	0.02	0.08	0.04	0.02	0.08	0.09	0.05	0.16	0.10	0.05	0.18
Time 3 LWP	0.01	−0.002	0.03	0.01	−0.004	0.04	0.01	−0.03	0.04	0.01	−0.03	0.05

Age, gender, family intactness, and family economic status were controlled. IV, Independent variable; DV, Dependent variable; PYD, positive youth development; AC, Academic challenge; LWP, Learning with peers; BC, Bias corrected; CI, Confidence interval;

^***p < 0.001.