Figure 2.

Effects of platycodin D (PLD) on LPS-induced ROS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 production. Primary rat microglia cells were treated with PLD (5, 10, 20 µM) for 12 h and stimulated with LPS (0.5 µg/mL) for 24 h. The production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were measured by ELISA. The production of ROS was detected by DCFDA-cellular reactive oxygen species detection assay kit (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) and a colorimetric assay kit specific for H₂O₂ (Sigma, USA). The data presented are the means ± SD of three independent experiments and differences between mean values were assessed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test. ^#p < 0.05 vs. control group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. LPS group.