Table 3. Variations in support recommendations for dementia caregivers by discipline (N = 6890 scenarios).
| PSYCHOEDUCATION β (SE) | CASE MANAGEMENT / COUNSELING β (SE) | SUPPORT GROUPS β (SE) | RESPITE β (SE) | TRAINING OF PWD β (SE) | PSYCHOTHERAPY β (SE) | MULTI -COMPONENT β (SE) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Care discipline | ||||||||
| Social work | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.14**** (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.09** (0.03) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.10*** (0.04) | |
| Nursing (APN, CNS, RN, LPN) | −0.11* (0.04) | 0.14*** (0.05) | −0.32**** (0.04) | −0.16**** (0.04) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.12*** (0.05) | |
| Medicine (Geriatrics, Family practice, Primary care, Psychiatry) | 0.12 (0.07) | −0.27**** (0.07) | −0.09 (0.07) | 0.24**** (0.07) | 0.52**** (0.07) | 0.51**** (0.07) | 0.21*** (0.07) | |
| Rehabilitation (OT/PT) | −0.02 (0.08) | −0.19* (0.08) | −0.45**** (0.08) | −0.15* (0.08) | 0.08 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.08) | |
| Psychotherapy (Psychology/MFT) | 0.36**** (0.06) | 0.17** (0.06) | −0.13* (0.06) | −0.19*** (0.06) | −0.18*** (0.06) | 0.04 (0.06) | −0.10 (0.06) | |
| Administrators (Public health/LTC/Social services administrators) | −0.10 (0.06) | −0.25**** (0.06) | −0.04 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.06) | −0.17*** (0.06) | 0.28**** (0.06) | −0.01 (0.06) | |
| Gerontology | 0.04 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.05) | −0.39**** (0.05) | 0.02 (0.04) | −0.04 (0.09) | −0.14*** (0.05) | 0.10* (0.05) | |
| All other care disciplines (reference) | ||||||||
| All other care disciplines (reference) Caucasian | −0.04** (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.04*** (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.08**** (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.11**** (0.02) | |
| Ethnicity (1 = non-Hispanic Latino; 2 = Hispanic/Latino) | −0.06**** (.01) | 0.04*** (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.03* (0.01) | 0.06**** (0.01) | 0.07**** (0.01) | 0.07**** (0.01) | |
| Gender (1 = male; 2 = female) | 0.04*** (0.01) | 0.04* (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.04*** (.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.08**** (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | |
| Years of experience | ||||||||
| 0–7 years | −0.12*** (0.04) | −0.12*** (0.04) | 0.08* (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.19**** (0.04) | 0.23**** (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) | |
| 7–15 years | −0.27**** (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.17**** (0.04) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.21**** (0.04) | |
| 15–25 years | −0.15**** (0.04) | −0.04 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.04) | −0.28**** (0.04) | 0.12*** (0.04) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.10*** (0.04) | |
| 25 years (reference) | ||||||||
| Care Sector | ||||||||
| Hospital | 0.25*** (0.07) | −0.32**** (0.07) | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.29**** (0.07) | −0.28**** (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) | 0.35**** (0.07) | |
| Non-profit organization | 0.02 (0.04) | −0.16**** (0.04) | −0.15**** (0.04) | −0.14**** (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.11*** (0.04) | 0.01 (0.04) | |
| Community service provider | 0.00 (0.04) | −0.39**** (0.05) | −0.19**** (0.04) | −0.17**** (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.04) | 0.12** (0.04) | |
| Residential long-term care (assisted living, nursing home) | 0.09 (0.07) | −0.04 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.07) | −0.22*** (0.07) | 0.09 (0.07) | −0.10 (0.07) | −0.22*** (0.07) | |
| Home care/personal services/home health care | −0.13 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.07) | −0.13 (0.07) | −0.28**** (0.06) | 0.52**** (0.07) | −0.11 (0.07) | −0.39**** (0.07) | |
| All other care sectors (reference) | ||||||||
| Rural Clientele | 0.04 (0.03) | −0.16**** (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.09*** (0.03) | −0.07*** (0.03) | |
| Suburban Clientele | −0.12**** (0.03) | −0.11**** (0.03) | −0.15**** (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | −0.03 (0.03) | 0.17**** (0.03) | 0.16**** (0.03) | |
| Urban Clientele | 0.22**** (0.03) | −0.07* (0.03) | 0.10**** (0.03) | 0.20**** (0.03) | 0.01 (0.03) | −0.11 (0.07) | −0.22**** (0.03) | |
| Hypothetical CG-CR Risk Characteristics | ||||||||
| CG is depressed | −0.08**** (0.01) | −0.05**** (0.01) | −0.04**** (0.01) | −0.04*** (0.01) | −0.07**** (0.01) | 0.24**** (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | |
| CG is burdened | −0.05**** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.10**** (0.01) | −0.05**** (0.01) | −0.03* (0.01) | 0.06**** (0.01) | |
| CG at low-risk for self-care | 0.00 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.08**** (0.01) | 0.04**** (0.01) | −0.05**** (0.01) | −0.03** (0.01) | 0.06**** (0.01) | |
| CG lacks social support | −0.03* (0.01) | 0.00 (0.01) | 0.11**** (0.01) | 0.06**** (0.01) | −0.03*** (0.01) | −0.04*** (0.01) | 0.03** (0.01) | |
| CR has behavior problems | 0.13**** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.09**** (0.01) | −0.04**** (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.03** (0.01) | 0.07**** (0.01) | |
| CR at-risk for safety problems | −0.07**** (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | −0.10**** (0.01) | 0.07**** (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.09**** (0.01) | |
| CG lives with CR | −0.03* (0.02) | −0.06**** (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.25**** (0.02) | −0.06**** (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | |
| CR has AD | −0.05*** (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.04* (0.02) | 0.06**** (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.02) | |
| CR dementia stage (1 = early; 2 = middle; 3 = late) | −0.09**** (0.02) | −0.08**** (0.02) | −0.04* (0.02) | 0.17**** (0.02) | −0.29**** (0.02) | 0.04* (0.02) | 0.13**** (0.02) | |
| CG is wife | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.07**** (0.02) | 0.08**** (0.02) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.07**** (0.02) | 0.03 (0.02) | −0.06**** (0.02) | |
NOTE: Psychoeducation: Structured presentation of information about dementia and caregiving-related issues; Counseling/Case Management: A goal of these interventions is to resolve pre-existing personal problems that complicate caregiving; Support Groups: Provide caregivers the opportunity to share personal feelings and concerns to overcome feelings of social isolation; Respite: Planned, temporary relief for the caregiver through the provision of substitute care; Training of the Person with Dementia: Memory clinic or similar programs aimed at improving the competence of the care recipient; Psychotherapeutic Approaches: Involves the establishment of a therapeutic relationship between the caregiver and a professional therapist; Multi-Component: Intensive support strategies that combine multiple forms of interventions (Pinquart & Sorensen, 2006; pp. 579–580); Because of the small number of professionals who principally served frontier clients (28), this characteristic was not included in the statistical comparisons of recommendations in Table 3. β = standardized regression coefficient; SE = standard error; PWD = persons with dementia; APN = advance practice nurse; CNS = clinical nurse specialist; RN = registered nurse; LPN = licensed practical nurse; OT = occupational therapy; PT = physical therapy; MFT = marriage and family therapy; LTC = long-term care;
p < 0.05;
p < 0.01;
p < 0.001;
p < 0.00625 (Bonferroni adjusted significance level within each model).