Table 2.
Training vs. control groups on the pre- and post-training assessments: means, standard deviations, the results of ANCOVAs (control vs. training groups) and effect sizes (partial eta squared).
| Task | Group | Pre-training | Post-training | Group effect | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | Direction | Effect size | ||
| WJ-III SCORES | ||||||||
| Calculation | Control | 15.68 | 3.50 | 17.93 | 2.80 | 1.21 | No difference | 0.01 |
| Training | 17.16 | 2.75 | 19.02 | 2.77 | ||||
| Math fluency | Control | 52.60 | 20.87 | 59.88 | 20.80 | 6.68* | Training > control | 0.07 |
| Training | 47.69 | 14.63 | 61.10 | 15.55 | ||||
| Applied problems | Control | 33.06 | 5.12 | 35.62 | 5.80 | 0.09 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 35.51 | 4.74 | 37.59 | 4.04 | ||||
| Quantitative concepts | Control | 31.19 | 5.74 | 34.05 | 5.30 | 0.30 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 33.53 | 4.33 | 35.33 | 3.76 | ||||
| Broad math | Control | 493.62 | 12.05 | 500.36 | 10.95 | 0.70 | No difference | 0.01 |
| Training | 497.78 | 8.87 | 504.20 | 8.40 | ||||
| Brief math | Control | 492.79 | 14.88 | 501.81 | 13.53 | 0.39 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 499.88 | 11.50 | 507.25 | 12.28 | ||||
| Math calculation skills | Control | 495.85 | 10.16 | 501.71 | 7.84 | 0.82 | No difference | 0.01 |
| Training | 497.78 | 7.45 | 503.88 | 7.55 | ||||
| Math reasoning | Control | 492.71 | 17.52 | 501.67 | 17.58 | 0.12 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 501.04 | 13.11 | 507.45 | 11.83 | ||||
| PROLEC | ||||||||
| Reading abilities | Control | 0.05 | 0.96 | −0.04 | 0.89 | 9.76** | Training > control | 0.10 |
| Training | −0.05 | 0.72 | 0.14 | 0.77 | ||||
| SCHOOL GRADES | ||||||||
| Math grades | Control | 2.36 | 1.43 | 1.85 | 1.44 | 19.80*** | Training > control | 0.19 |
| Training | 2.86 | 0.89 | 3 | 0.92 | ||||
| Language grades | Control | 2.40 | 1.44 | 2.37 | 1.45 | 0.30 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 2.96 | 0.92 | 2.82 | 1.03 | ||||
| K-BIT | ||||||||
| Verbal IQ | Control | 95.83 | 11.68 | 99.17 | 11.99 | 0.15 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 106.25 | 14 | 107.10 | 12.19 | ||||
| Non-verbal IQ | Control | 96.53 | 12.14 | 98.14 | 13.29 | 4.77* | Training > control | 0.05 |
| Training | 100.06 | 12.81 | 104.39 | 11.03 | ||||
| DIGIT SPAN | ||||||||
| Forward recall | Control | 4.40 | 0.77 | 4.62 | 0.66 | 0.03 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 4.61 | 0.78 | 4.80 | 0.80 | ||||
| Backward recall | Control | 3.06 | 0.80 | 3.40 | 0.83 | 0.78 | No difference | 0.01 |
| Training | 3.33 | 0.55 | 3.41 | 0.73 | ||||
| DOTS | ||||||||
| Shifting | Control | 88.56 | 59.61 | 92.65 | 85.86 | 0.05 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 97.30 | 57.99 | 74.81 | 55.75 | ||||
| Go/NoGo (% ERRORS) | ||||||||
| Type 1 | Control | 31.61 | 18.71 | 34.75 | 17.27 | 4.84* | Training > control | 0.06 |
| Training | 36.83 | 20.37 | 24.09 | 17.32 | ||||
| Type 2 | Control | 32.37 | 16.97 | 34.36 | 19.77 | 8.85** | Training > control | 0.10 |
| Training | 30.81 | 20.28 | 20.59 | 14.68 | ||||
| Type 3 | Control | 33.28 | 18.86 | 29.92 | 15.78 | 10.07** | Training > control | 0.11 |
| Training | 28.57 | 19.27 | 18.77 | 14.84 | ||||
| Go | Control | 3.55 | 4.17 | 2.42 | 3.25 | 0.00 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 6.40 | 15.04 | 2.65 | 10.36 | ||||
| Nogo | Control | 32.42 | 13.99 | 31.38 | 13.81 | 12.80** | Training > control | 0.14 |
| Training | 32.59 | 18.21 | 19.23 | 12.71 | ||||
| Go (RT) | Control | 437.13 | 56.82 | 427.56 | 51.59 | 0.14 | No difference | 0.00 |
| Training | 433.19 | 41.81 | 429.00 | 56.26 | ||||
Asterisks denote the statistical significance level (
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001).