Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | Survey population (N = 2316), n/N (%) | Immunological measure, n/N (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokine responsesa(N = 407) | Allergen‐, SWA‐ and SEA‐specific IgE and IgG4b (N = 2117) | Total IgE and IgG4c(N=471) | ||
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 24 (8, 32) | 9 (6, 16) | 25 (10, 33) | 19.5 (3, 31.25) |
| Male sex | 1268/2316 (54.7) | 168/407 (41.3) | 1152/2117 (54.4) | 225/471 (47.7) |
| PZQ in last 12 mo | 382/2255 (16.9) | 48/393 (12.2) | 368/2062 (17.8) | 15/459 (15.5) |
| Helminth infections | ||||
| S. mansoni (KK) | 1041/1996 (51.4) | 204/373 (54.7) | 1008/1882 (53.6) | 184/428 (42.9) |
| S. mansoni (urine CCA) | 661/917 (72.0) | 94/128 (73.4) | 634/875 (72.5) | 101/152 (66.5) |
| S. mansoni intensity (KK) | ||||
| Uninfected | 995/1996 (48.6) | 169/373 (45.3) | 874/1882 (46.4) | 244/428 (57.0) |
| Low | 429/1996 (21.0) | 77/373 (20.6) | 411/1882 (21.8) | 70/428 (16.4) |
| Moderate | 288/1996 (13.7) | 56/373 (15.0) | 279/1882 (14.8) | 51/428 (11.9) |
| Heavy | 324/1996 (16.6) | 71/373 (19.0) | 318/1882 (16.9) | 63/428 (14.7) |
| Any nematode infectiond | 788/2004 (39.3) | 129/373 (34.6) | 738/1889 (39.1) | 87/428 (20.3) |
| Allergy‐related outcomes | ||||
| Wheeze in last 12 mo | 107/2301 (4.7) | 14/404 (3.5) | 106/2103 (5.04) | 58/468 (12.4) |
| Atopy (SPT) | ||||
| Any | 404/1976 (19.1) | 78/372 (20.9) | 403/1961 (20.6) | 135/448 (30.1) |
| Dermatophagoides | 190/1978 (9.0) | 33/372 (8.9) | 189/1963 (9.6) | 61/448 (13.6) |
| Blomia | 205/1976 (9.6) | 31/372 (8.3) | 204/1961 (10.4) | 67/447 (14.9) |
| Cockroach | 272/1977 (13.2) | 61/372 (16.4) | 272/1962 (13.9) | 90/448 (20.1) |
| Atopy (detectable asIgE) | ||||
| Any | 1685/2117 (79.6) | 320/403 (79.4) | 1685/2117 (79.6) | 358/471 (76.0) |
| Dermatophagoides | 1534/2115 (72.5) | 278/403 (68.9) | 1534/2115 (72.5) | 326/471 (69.2) |
| Cockroach | 886/2117 (41.9 | 183/403 (45.4) | 886/2117 (41.9) | 186/471 (39.5) |
PZQ, Praziquantel treatment; KK, Kato‐Katz; CCA, circulating cathodic antigen; SPT, skin prick test; SWA, Schistosoma worm antigen; SEA, Schistosoma egg antigen; asIgE: allergen‐specific IgE.
a
Assessed using samples from 1‐ to 17‐year‐olds, to allow comparison with related cellular immunology studies in an urban birth cohort (data not shown here).
b
Assessed in all survey participants that had sufficient plasma sample stored.
c
Samples randomly selected from individuals with antigen‐specific antibody data.
d
Infection with any of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura (assessed by KK), Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis (assessed by PCR) and Mansonella perstans (assessed by modified Knott's method).