Table 2.
Associations between S. mansoni‐specific cytokine levels and (i) S. mansoni infection status, (ii) reported wheeze and (iii) atopy (SPT reactivity and detectable allergen‐specific IgE)
| Geometric meana | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for age and sex | ||||||
| Antigen | Cytokine | SmKK‐ n = 169 | SmKK+ n = 204 | GMR (95% CI)b | P value | GMR (95% CI)b | P value |
| SWA | IFN‐γ | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) | .542 | 1.05 (0.87, 1.28) | .531 |
| IL‐5 | 14.92 | 49.47 | 1.43 (1.13, 1.81) | .005 | 1.32 (1.02, 1.71) | .034 | |
| IL‐13 | 7.01 | 17.56 | 1.20 (0.94, 1.54) | .132 | 1.15 (0.88, 1.48) | .282 | |
| IL‐10 | 3.99 | 11.58 | 1.21 (0.97, 1.51) | .084 | 1.16 (0.91, 1.48) | .207 | |
| SEA | IFN‐γ | 0.73 | 0.56 | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | .760 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) | .884 |
| IL‐5 | 5.02 | 3.11 | 0.84 (0.59, 1.19) | .320 | 0.84 (0.58, 1.19) | .319 | |
| IL‐13 | 2.25 | 1.95 | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) | .127 | 0.88 (0.73, 1.06) | .190 | |
| IL‐10 | 3.19 | 4.42 | 0.93 (0.78, 1.13) | .486 | 0.93 (0.76, 1.13) | .477 | |
| No wheeze n = 390 | Wheeze n = 14 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWA | IFN‐γ | 1.27 | 0.23 | 0.60 (0.45, 0.80) | .001 | 0.57 (0.44, 0.76) | <.001 |
| IL‐5 | 29.12 | 27.59 | 1.29 (0.72, 2.33) | .373 | 1.14 (0.63, 2.08) | .657 | |
| IL‐13 | 11.75 | 9.78 | 1.26 (0.65, 2.45) | .465 | 1.17 (0.58, 2.36) | .635 | |
| IL‐10 | 7.91 | 2.03 | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | .059 | 0.66 (0.43, 1.02) | .058 | |
| SEA | IFN‐γ | 0.66 | 0.33 | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) | .101 | 0.83 (0.65, 1.05) | .121 |
| IL‐5 | 4.37 | 1.20 | 0.52 (0.33, 0.83) | .007 | 0.51 (0.33, 0.79) | .004 | |
| IL‐13 | 2.25 | 0.96 | 0.75 (0.44, 1.25) | .256 | 0.76 (0.44, 1.33) | .327 | |
| IL‐10 | 4.34 | 0.59 | 0.70 (0.35, 1.38) | .295 | 0.71 (0.37, 1.36) | .291 |
| SPT− n = 294 | SPT+cn = 78 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWA | IFN‐γ | 1.03 | 1.73 | 1.15 (0.96, 1.36) | .115 | 1.13 (0.94, 1.34) | .178 |
| IL‐5 | 29.23 | 39.73 | 1.15 (0.86, 1.52) | .330 | 1.02 (0.75, 1.38) | .897 | |
| IL‐13 | 13.54 | 10.32 | 0.99 (0.72, 1.36) | .961 | 0.92 (0.67, 1.26) | .596 | |
| IL‐10 | 6.79 | 12.00 | 1.25 (1.00, 1.55) | .048 | 1.21 (0.95, 1.54) | .126 | |
| SEA | IFN‐γ | 0.55 | 0.99 | 1.11 (0.82, 1.51) | .493 | 1.13 (0.83, 1.52) | .423 |
| IL‐5 | 4.54 | 3.68 | 1.00 (0.70, 1.45) | .965 | 0.98 (0.67, 1.43) | .935 | |
| IL‐13 | 2.81 | 1.09 | 0.84 (0.56, 1.25) | .376 | 0.85 (0.58, 1.25) | .413 | |
| IL‐10 | 4.12 | 3.09 | 0.94 (0.76, 1.16) | .560 | 0.96 (0.75, 1.22) | .730 |
| Undetectable asIgE n = 83 | Detectable asIgEdn = 320 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWA | IFN‐γ | 1.73 | 1.11 | 0.87 (0.62, 1.24) | .444 | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | .396 |
| IL‐5 | 16.44 | 34.25 | 1.43 (1.16, 1.75) | .001 | 1.32 (1.09, 1.61) | .006 | |
| IL‐13 | 9.75 | 12.66 | 1.09 (0.77, 1.55) | .599 | 1.04 (0.74, 1.47) | .806 | |
| IL‐10 | 3.76 | 9.26 | 1.34 (1.18, 1.51) | <.001 | 1.30 (1.16, 1.46) | <.001 | |
| SEA | IFN‐γ | 1.12 | 0.56 | 0.79 (0.56, 1.13) | .190 | 0.79 (0.57, 1.11) | .176 |
| IL‐5 | 3.78 | 4.17 | 1.13 (0.81, 1.58) | .459 | 1.12 (0.82, 1.54) | .450 | |
| IL‐13 | 2.21 | 2.21 | 0.88 (0.65, 1.22) | .449 | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) | .484 | |
| IL‐10 | 3.49 | 4.17 | 1.05 (0.92, 1.21) | .424 | 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) | .382 |
SmKK−, Kato‐Katz negative result (S. mansoni), single stool sample; SmKK+, Kato‐Katz positivity for S. mansoni, single stool sample; SPT, skin prick test; SWA, Schistosoma worm antigen; SEA, Schistosoma egg antigen; asIgE, allergen‐specific IgE; GMR, geometric mean ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval. P values ≤.05 are highlighted in bold.
All cytokine concentrations in pg/mL.
Geometric mean ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for the survey design.
SPT reactivity to any one of Dermatophagoides mix, Blomia tropicalis or Blattella germanica.
Detectable IgE to either Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or Blattella germanica.