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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2017 Nov 13;10(12):729–737. doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-17-0091

Table 2.

Colonic eicosanoid concentrations (in ng/mg protein) at baseline and after 12 weeks of target ω-3 fatty acid dosing

Eicosanoid Major enzymesa Baseline After 12 weeks of target dose Pb
PGE2 Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, prostaglandin E synthase 6.55 (5.78) 3.59 (3.29) <0.001c
Prostaglandin E3 COX-2, prostaglandin E synthase 0.25 (0.21) 0.69 (0.64) <0.001c
5-S-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid 5-Lipoxygenase 1.82 (1.30) 1.90 (1.96) 0.90
5-R-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid 5-R-Lipoxygenase 2.24 (1.24) 2.90 (1.93) 0.02
12-S-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid 12-Lipoxygenase 3.95 (3.36) 2.20 (2.43) <0.001c
12-R-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid 12 (R)-Lipoxygenase or cytochrome P450 4.12 (4.23) 2.70 (2.63) 0.001c
15-S-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid 15-Lipoxygenase 892 (616) 993 (649) 0.05
15-R-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid Cytochrome P450 or acetylated COX-2 18.0 (12.9) 15.8 (11.0) 0.28
14,15-S-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid Cytochrome P450 and epoxide hydrolase 1.04 (0.90) 1.17 (1.05) 0.008
14,15-R-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid Cytochrome P450 and epoxide hydrolase 0.99 (0.79) 1.13 (0.93) 0.06
13-S-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid 15-Lipoxygenase 12.10 (10.3) 10.91 (9.0) 0.18
13-R-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid Lipoxygenases, or cytochrome P450 20.63 (11.0) 20.96 (15.2) 0.88

Data shown are mean and SD for 47 participants at each time point except for PGE2, where n = 46 was used due to one outlier that was an obese participant with a large increase in PGE2.

a

All of the eicosanoids shown are formed from arachidonic acid except for PGE3, which is formed from eicosapentaenoic acid, and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids, which are formed from linoleic acid. Nonenzymatic oxidation of AA is also possible and is not stereospecific.

b

P values are for comparing baseline and posttarget dose measures and are based on Wilcoxon signed rank test owing to nonnormality of some of the eicosanoids. There were 47 participants eligible for analysis. There was one outlier in the overweight–obese group who had a 3-fold increase in PGE2 and was omitted from the analysis of PGE2 concentrations, resulting in n = 46 (see Results).

c

Values with P < 0.005 were considered significant to adjust for multiple comparisons.