Table 3.

Comparison of the results of surgery before and after utilization of three varicocelectomy techniques

Item	Group			P value	Power (%)
	Laparoscopyn=22	Ivanissevichn=23	Palomon=25
Sperm concentration, million/mL*
BS**	13.09 ± 9.88	18.26 ± 13.38	14.96 ± 12.89
AS***	21.86 ± 10.28	33.39 ± 14.66a	29 ± 13.69a	0.0255&
P value#	0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Sperm normal motility (%)*, ^
BS	16.86 ± 6.77	19.56 ± 8.51	18.72 ± 9.90
AS	23.81 ± 9.55	31.95 ± 13.12b	32.80 ± 12.99b	0.0235&
P value#	0.004	<0.001	<0.001
Sperm normal morphology (%)*
BS	46.59 ± 14	48.04 ± 12.13	43.40 ± 20.03
AS	54.55 ± 12.71c	57.39 ± 10.32cd	58.40 ± 15.72d	0.0475&
P value#	<0.001	0.001	<0.001
Atrophy, n(%)£	0(0.00)	3(14.29)	1(4.55)	0.294	4.26

BS; Before surgery, AS; After surgery, ^*; Values are presented as mean ± SD, ^**; BS refer to values before surgery, ^***; AS refer to values after surgery, ^#; The comparisons were made by Wilcoxon test, ^&; The Univariate general linear model was used for comparisons among the three groups, by considering the preoperative values of semen parameters as covariate, ^{^}; Normal motility is sum of (A+B) motility type, ^£; The comparisons were made by Fisher’s exact test between the Laparoscopic and the open surgical techniques. The same lowercases showed no significant differences in post-hoc tests.