. 2018 Jan 15;12(1):81–87. doi: 10.22074/ijfs.2018.5158

Table 4.

Comparing the mean differences of indices before and after surgery among patients undergoing three different surgical techniques


Item	Group			P value
	Laparoscopyn=22	Ivanissevichn=23	Palomon=25

Sperm concentration (million/mL)^***	8.77 ± 8.94^a	15.13 ± 8.69^b	14.04 ± 11.51^ab	0.023
Sperm normal motility (%)^{#, &}	6.95 ± 9.11	12.39 ± 9.87^c	14.08 ± 8^c	0.014
Sperm normal morphology (%)^{^}	7.95 ± 4.27^d	9.34 ± 10.47^de	15 ± 12.4^e	0.019

^*; All values are presented as mean ± SD. All comparisons were made by Kruskal-Wallis test. ^***; Mean count after surgery-mean count before surgery, ^#; Mean normal motility after surgery-mean normal motility before surgery, and normal motility is sum of (A+B) motility type, ^{^}; Mean normal morphology after surgery-mean normal morphology before surgery. The same lowercases showed no significant differences in post-hoc tests.