Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical Characteristics and Cognitive Function of Healthy Controls, Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder
| Variable | Healthy Control (n = 156) | Schizophrenia (n = 135) | Bipolar Disorder (n = 86) | Major Depressive Disorder (n = 108) | F/χ2 Values | P Values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristic | ||||||
| Age at scan (y) | 22.25 (4.35) | 19.95 (4.52) | 21.97 (4.66) | 20.61 (4.91) | 7.473a | <.001 |
| Male | 63 (40%) | 59 (44%) | 35 (41%) | 38 (35%) | 4.769a | .57 |
| Right handedness | 150 (96%) | 128 (95%) | 85 (99%) | 102 (94%) | 11.678a | .23 |
| Clinical characteristic | ||||||
| Duration (mo) | — | 13.39 (17.34) | 20.64 (20.19) | 12.70 (15.19) | 5.483b | .005 |
| First episode, yes | — | 105 (78%) | 41 (48%) | 94 (87%) | 36.215b | <.001 |
| Medication, yes | — | 86 (64%) | 56 (65%) | 40 (37%) | 22.122b | <.001 |
| Anti-depressants | — | 11 (8%) | 19 (22%) | 34 (31%) | 21.366 b | <.001 |
| Antipsychotics | — | 74 (55%) | 35 (41%) | 5 (5%) | 68.615b | <.001 |
| Mood stabilizer | — | 5 (4%) | 41 (48%) | 0 | 110.586b | <.001 |
| HAMD-17 | (n = 138) | (n = 92) | (n = 77) | (n = 104) | ||
| 1.06 (1.41) | 9.54 (7.40) | 8.33 (8.51) | 20.15 (8.57) | 162.749a | <.001 | |
| HAMA | (n = 140) | (n = 83) | (n = 78) | (n = 88) | ||
| 0.72 (1.68) | 6.34 (7.15) | 6.69 (8.08) | 14.94 (8.67) | 86.899a | <.001 | |
| YMRS | (n = 136) | (n = 74) | (n = 81) | (n = 90) | ||
| 0.11 (0.42) | 3.85 (7.73) | 9.68 (10.53) | 1.28 (2.32) | 46.303a | <.001 | |
| BPRS | (n = 84) | (n = 129) | (n = 47) | (n = 38) | ||
| 18.23 (0.65) | 36.77 (15.21) | 25.77 (7.98) | 22.82 (4.71) | 56.521a | <.001 | |
| Cognitive function | ||||||
| WCST | (n = 101) | (n = 74) | (n = 45) | (n = 70) | ||
| Corrected responses | 32.31 (10.66) | 17.39 (12.17) | 25.44 (11.52) | 25.03 (11.48) | 24.531a | <.001 |
| Categories completed | 4.32 (1.97) | 1.72 (1.90) | 3.00 (2.03) | 3.00 (1.97) | 25.250a | <.001 |
| Total errors | 15.69 (10.66) | 30.62 (12.22) | 22.56 (11.52) | 23.29 (11.63) | 24.442a | <.001 |
| Perseverative errors | 5.76 (6.68) | 14.70 (13.02) | 9.22 (9.37) | 9.67 (9.31) | 12.218b | <.001 |
| Non-perseverative errors | 9.98 (5.58) | 15.93 (8.64) | 13.16 (7.04) | 13.64 (6.04) | 11.193b | <.001 |
Note: Data are n (%) or mean (SD). WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Scale; HAMA, Hamilton anxiety Scale; YMRS, young manic rating scale; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
aThe examination among the schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and healthy control groups.
bThe examination among the schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder groups.