Table 3.
Associations of different quantities of antenatal music training and maternal talk to fetus with ln(ABC score + 1) around the age of 3 years.a,b
| Crude model |
Adjusted model |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient | SE | p-Value | Coefficient | SE | p-Value | |
| Sensory | ||||||
| Antenatal music training | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.152 | 0.079 | 0.053 | −0.036 | 0.079 | 0.646 |
| Sometimes | −0.386 | 0.081 | <0.0001 | −0.188 | 0.082 | 0.021 |
| Often | −0.413 | 0.089 | <0.0001 | −0.167 | 0.091 | 0.066 |
| Maternal talk to fetus | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.219 | 0.070 | 0.002 | −0.118 | 0.070 | 0.092 |
| Sometimes | −0.505 | 0.071 | <0.0001 | −0.316 | 0.073 | <0.0001 |
| Often | −0.760 | 0.079 | <0.0001 | −0.514 | 0.081 | <0.0001 |
| Relating | ||||||
| Antenatal music training | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.137 | 0.078 | 0.079 | −0.032 | 0.079 | 0.688 |
| Sometimes | −0.379 | 0.080 | <0.0001 | −0.196 | 0.081 | 0.016 |
| Often | −0.525 | 0.089 | <0.0001 | −0.295 | 0.091 | 0.001 |
| Maternal talk to fetus | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.351 | 0.069 | <0.0001 | −0.260 | 0.069 | 0.0002 |
| Sometimes | −0.579 | 0.071 | <0.0001 | −0.408 | 0.072 | <0.0001 |
| Often | −0.959 | 0.079 | <0.0001 | −0.732 | 0.080 | <0.0001 |
| Body and object use | ||||||
| Antenatal music training | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | 0.017 | 0.058 | 0.771 | 0.018 | 0.058 | 0.752 |
| Sometimes | 0.005 | 0.059 | 0.939 | 0.026 | 0.060 | 0.660 |
| Often | −0.014 | 0.064 | 0.828 | 0.019 | 0.066 | 0.777 |
| Maternal talk to fetus | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.135 | 0.051 | 0.008 | −0.137 | 0.052 | 0.008 |
| Sometimes | −0.180 | 0.052 | 0.0005 | −0.170 | 0.053 | 0.001 |
| Often | −0.305 | 0.057 | <0.0001 | −0.283 | 0.058 | <0.0001 |
| Language | ||||||
| Antenatal music training | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.156 | 0.064 | 0.015 | −0.053 | 0.064 | 0.410 |
| Sometimes | −0.355 | 0.066 | <0.0001 | −0.171 | 0.066 | 0.010 |
| Often | −0.497 | 0.073 | <0.0001 | −0.266 | 0.074 | 0.0003 |
| Maternal talk to fetus | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.273 | 0.056 | <0.0001 | −0.186 | 0.056 | 0.001 |
| Sometimes | −0.606 | 0.058 | <0.0001 | −0.439 | 0.059 | <0.0001 |
| Often | −0.914 | 0.064 | <0.0001 | −0.694 | 0.065 | <0.0001 |
| Social and self-help skills | ||||||
| Antenatal music training | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.057 | 0.045 | 0.207 | −0.053 | 0.045 | 0.243 |
| Sometimes | −0.180 | 0.046 | 0.0001 | −0.149 | 0.047 | 0.001 |
| Often | −0.276 | 0.051 | <0.0001 | −0.231 | 0.052 | <0.0001 |
| Maternal talk to fetus | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.171 | 0.040 | <0.0001 | −0.168 | 0.040 | <0.0001 |
| Sometimes | −0.303 | 0.041 | <0.0001 | −0.280 | 0.042 | <0.0001 |
| Often | −0.488 | 0.045 | <0.0001 | −0.447 | 0.046 | <0.0001 |
| Total ABC score | ||||||
| Antenatal music training | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.032 | 0.050 | 0.522 | −0.0004 | 0.050 | 0.993 |
| Sometimes | −0.193 | 0.051 | 0.0001 | −0.121 | 0.052 | 0.019 |
| Often | −0.264 | 0.056 | <0.0001 | −0.168 | 0.057 | 0.003 |
| Maternal talk to fetus | ||||||
| Never | 0 | – | – | 0 | – | – |
| Occasionally | −0.191 | 0.045 | <0.0001 | −0.166 | 0.045 | 0.0002 |
| Sometimes | −0.383 | 0.045 | <0.0001 | −0.322 | 0.046 | <0.0001 |
| Often | −0.597 | 0.049 | <0.0001 | −0.507 | 0.050 | <0.0001 |
aTobit regression analyses adjusted for family income, children’s sex and mother’s marital status, education level, age at birth of the study child and gestational diseases.
bβ coefficients of Tobit regression on the natural log scale can be interpreted as percentage changes in original ABC scores obtained by exponentiating the coefficient and subtracting 1.
ABC, autism behavior checklist.