. 2018 Jan 11;8:305. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00305

Table 5.

Adjusted means and SEs of ln(ABC score + 1) of children at around 3 years of age across different quantities of antenatal music training and maternal talk to fetus.ⁱ^,^j

Maternal talk to fetus	Antenatal music training
Maternal talk to fetus	Never	Occasionally	Sometimes	Often
Sensory
Never	0.412 (0.033)^a,b,c,d	0.507 (0.034)^e	0.535 (0.054)^a,b,e	0.600 (0.110)^a,b,c,d,e
Occasionally	0.485 (0.038)^a,e	0.431 (0.029)^a	0.438 (0.031)^a,b,e	0.471 (0.041)^a,b,c,e
Sometimes	0.521 (0.062)^a,b,c,d,e	0.393 (0.030)^a,b,c,d	0.391 (0.029)^b,c,d	0.453 (0.033)^a,b,e
Often	0.467 (0.094)^a,b,c,d,e	0.391 (0.035)^a,b,c,d	0.358 (0.032)^d	0.364 (0.030)^c,d

Relating
Never	0.606 (0.042)^a,b	0.724 (0.043)^c,d	0.841 (0.069)^c	0.841 (0.140)^a,b,c,d,e,f
Occasionally	0.637 (0.048)^a,b,c,d	0.598 (0.037)^a	0.632 (0.039)^a,d	0.637 (0.052)^a,b,c,d
Sometimes	0.714 (0.079)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.591 (0.038)^a,b	0.548 (0.037)^b,e	0.629 (0.042)^a,b,c,d
Often	0.490 (0.119)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.579 (0.045)^a,b,e,f	0.490 (0.040)^e,f	0.490 (0.039)^f

Body and object use
Never	0.668 (0.046)^a,b	0.829 (0.047)^c	0.924 (0.076)^c,d	0.886 (0.154)^a,b,c,d
Occasionally	0.767 (0.053)^a,b,c,d	0.689 (0.040)^a	0.766 (0.043)^b,c,d	0.844 (0.057)^c,d
Sometimes	0.718 (0.087)^a,b,c,d	0.705 (0.042)^a,b,d	0.686 (0.041)^a	0.798 (0.046)^c,d
Often	0.966 (0.131)^a,b,c,d	0.684 (0.049)^a,b,d	0.679 (0.044)^a,b	0.638 (0.043)^a

Language
Never	0.583 (0.039)^a,b,c,d,e	0.676 (0.039)^a,f	0.805 (0.064)^f	0.686 (0.129)^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h}
Occasionally	0.594 (0.044)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.575 (0.034)^b,d	0.611 (0.036)^a,b	0.633 (0.048)^a,b,c,d,f
Sometimes	0.649 (0.073)^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h}	0.504 (0.035)^e,g,h	0.513 (0.034)^c,e,g	0.593 (0.039)^a,b,d
Often	0.550 (0.110)^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h}	0.496 (0.041)^c,d,e,g,h	0.456 (0.037)^g,h	0.452 (0.036)^h

Social and self-help skills
Never	0.817 (0.046)^a,b	0.950 (0.046)^c	1.062 (0.075)^c,d	1.055 (0.152)^a,b,c,d,e,f
Occasionally	0.861 (0.052)^a,b,c,d	0.799 (0.040)^a	0.837 (0.042)^a,d	0.861 (0.056)^a,b,c,d
Sometimes	0.914 (0.085)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.784 (0.041)^a,b,e	0.740 (0.040)^b,e	0.857 (0.046)^a,c,d
Often	0.976 (0.129)^a,b,c,d,e,f	0.795 (0.049)^a,b,e	0.704 (0.044)^e,f	0.653 (0.042)^f

Total ABC score
Never	1.493 (0.067)^a,b,c,d	1.770 (0.068)^e	1.919 (0.110)^e,f	1.861 (0.223)^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g}
Occasionally	1.591 (0.077)^a,b,e,f	1.512 (0.059)^a,b	1.602 (0.062)^a,f	1.701 (0.083)^a,e,f
Sometimes	1.663 (0.126)^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g}	1.474 (0.061)^b,c	1.406 (0.059)^c,d	1.623 (0.067)^a,e,f
Often	1.732 (0.190)^{a,b,c,d,e,f,g}	1.479 (0.072)^a,b,c,d	1.351 (0.064)^d,g	1.291 (0.062)^g

^a–hTwo adjusted means that share one or more of the same lower-case letters are not significantly different at α = 0.05, after applying the multiplicity adjustment with Bonferroni correction. Abbreviations as in Table 3.

ⁱAnalyses of covariance adjusted for family income, children’s sex, and mother’s marital status, education level, age at birth of the study child and gestational diseases.

^jAdjusted means are presented on the natural log scale, and they can also be interpreted as percentage differences between different groups by exponentiating the means and taking the ratio.