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. 2018 Jan 15;8:796. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18736-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Relative effect of biological and physical parameters on mean and range in tide pool pH. Standardized effect sizes for the pH mean (Table S4; grey) and the pH range (Table S3; black) models. Predictor variables are producer dominance (% cover of non-encrusting producers – % cover of consumers), ecosystem metabolism (TA/DIC slopes), pool size (PC1; Fig. 3), pool location (PC2; Fig. 3), log-transformed integrated PAR, and temperature (mean and range for the mean and range pH models, respectively). The pH mean model also included an interaction term for time of day (day or night) with producer dominance and ecosystem metabolism. Values are effect sizes ± 95% CI. All predictors and response variables were standardized, and values with 95% CIs that do not cross zero are considered statistically significant.