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. 2018 Jan 15;8:796. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-18736-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Feedback loop between pH and ecosystem functioning in coastal ecosystems. Community composition and ecosystem metabolism influence pH via photosynthesis and respiration rates (black arrow). NCP drives pH, in turn influencing calcification and dissolution (grey arrow). Our results show that (a) net community production (NCP) has a positive effect on pH (Table S7), (b) pH has a positive effect on net ecosystem calcification (NEC) (Table S8), and (c) NCP has a positive effect on NEC (Table S9). Values are for individual tide pools, colored by site. Symbols are Courtesy of the Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (ian.umces.edu/symbols/).