Fig. 3.

GSMR analysis to test for the effect of BMI on T2D with and without filtering the pleiotropic outliers. Shown in a and b are the plots of effect sizes and association P-values of all the genetic instruments from GWAS for BMI vs. those for T2D. Shown in c is the plot of b_xy vs. GWAS P-value of BMI at each genetic variant. Shown in d, e, and f are the plots for the instruments after the pleiotropic outliers being removed by the HEIDI-outlier approach (see Methods for details of the HEIDI-outlier approach). Error bars in a and d represent the standard errors. The dashed lines in b and e represent the GWAS threshold P-value of 5 × 10⁻⁸. The coordinates in b, c, e, and f are truncated at 50 for better graphic presentation