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. 2018 Jan 15;8:736. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17563-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Findings showing clusters of lower grey matter volumes in the insular cortex of both hemispheres, highlighted in yellow: (a) in treatment-naïve TW compared with cisgender women controls and (b) in hormone-treated TW compared with cisgender women controls. Region-of-interest masks of the left and right insular cortex were superimposed on the images. Foci of significance are overlaid on axial brain slices spatially normalized into an approximation to the Talairach and Tournoux stereotactic atlas, and the numbers associated with each frame represent standard coordinates in the z-axis. All voxel clusters shown in the figures retained statistical significance after family-wise error correction for multiple comparisons (pFWE < 0.05, with small-volume correction over the insula) and had a minimum extent threshold of 30 voxels. Statistical details are given in Table 3. The coloured bar represents T-values. (TW = transgender women diagnosed with gender dysphoria; R = right).