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. 2018 Jan 15;9:217. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02515-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Analyses of nanostructure shape diversity and phylogenetic position of Caihong juji. a Mean length and diameter measurements for nanostructures from various body regions in Caihong juji (red), Anchiornis huxleyi (grey) and Microraptor (black). Rarefaction analyses show that sampling of the fossil taxa is appropriate to determine significant differences: Anchiornis shows significantly more nanostructure diversity than either Caihong or Microraptor (Supplementary Fig. 13). b Morphospace plots of raw nanostructure measurements for Caihong juji relative to extant avian groups with platelet-like melanosomes (orange: hummingbirds, green: swifts, blue: trumpeters and trogons, grey: other non-platelet avian melanosomes). Contour lines show 2D density of measurements. Numbers give proportional overlap (∩) between Caihong juji (red) and each group (Methods). c Simplified coelurosaurian phylogeny (strict consensus of 192 most parsimonious trees from the primary analysis) showing the recovered position of Caihong juji (Supplementary Note 3; Supplementary Figs. 18 and 19). Additional assessments of the taxon utilizing another recent data set recover an Anchiorninae clade as a part of Troodontidae (Supplementary Note 3; Supplementary Figs. 20, 22). Photo credits: Fred Wierum (Microraptor, CC BY SA 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode), Dick Daniels (Trumpeter, CC BY SA 3.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode), Alan Vernon (Red-tailed hawk, CC BY 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode), T R Shankar Raman (Glossy swiftlet, CC BY SA 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode), Nobu Tamura (Anchiornis, CC BY 3.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode), J. Clarke (Caihong, modified from original artwork by Velizar Simeonovski, used with permission), Robert McMorran/USFWS (Anna’s hummingbird, CC BY 2.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode)