Table 3.

Results of Cox-proportional model analysis of mortality risk.

	Both genders		Male		Female
	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Age
60–69 (ref:)
70–79	2.07***	(1.62–2.65)	2.47***	(1.73–3.51)	1.73**	(1.22–2.45)
80–89	4.99***	(3.92–6.36)	5.96***	(4.20–8.44)	4.17***	(2.97–5.88)
90–99	9.46***	(7.40–12.11)	9.69***	(6.78–13.85)	9.06***	(6.42–12.78)
100 and over	15.09***	(11.71–19.43)	16.55***	(11.32–24.18)	13.86***	(9.76–19.67)
Female (ref: Male)	0.78***	(0.72–0.84)
Educated (ref: Non-Educated)	1.01	(0.93–1.10)	1.01	(0.91–1.12)	1.02	(0.90–1.15)
Rural (ref: Urban)	0.99	(0.93–1.06)	0.99	(0.89–0.99)	0.99	(0.90–1.08)
Marital status
Married (ref)
Separated/ divorced	1.11	(0.89–1.38)	1.32*	(1.03–1.70)	0.67	(0.42–1.08)
Widowed	1.26***	(1.15–1.38)	1.34***	(1.19–1.51)	1.18*	(1.00–1.38)
Single never married	1.67**	(1.19–2.34)	1.75**	(1.19–2.57)	2.18	(0.88–5.35)
Living arrangements
Unchanged not alone (ref:)
Unchanged alone	0.96	(0.85–1.10)	0.97	(0.79–1.21)	0.95	(0.81–1.12)
Unchanged in institution	1.25*	(1.05–1.50)	1.06	(0.79–1.42)	1.38**	(1.10–1.74)
Not alone to Alone	0.87	(0.75–1.00)	0.76*	(0.61–0.95)	0.95	(0.78–1.15)
Not alone to Institution	1.65*	(1.04–2.63)	1.36	(0.73–2.55)	2.12*	(1.05–4.26)
Alone to Not alone	1.04	(0.91–1.18)	0.92	(0.74–1.14)	1.14	(0.96–1.35)
Alone to Institution	0.78	(0.43–1.41)	0.92	(0.43–1.95)	0.60	(0.23–1.62)
Institution to not Alone	1.66	(0.96–2.87)	2.92*	(1.08–7.90)	1.36	(0.71–2.63)
Institution to alone	2.19	(0.91–5.28)	–	–	2.92*	(1.21–7.05)
Self-rated health
Good (ref:)
Fair	1.18***	(1.09–1.27)	1.26***	(1.12–1.41)	1.10	(0.99–1.23)
Poor	1.79***	(1.64–1.96)	2.07***	(1.81–2.36)	1.62***	(1.44–1.83)
Don’t know	1.87***	(1.67–2.09)	2.21***	(1.82–2.69)	1.67***	(1.45–1.93)

“--” stands for odd values due to low cell counts for this category.

^***p<0.001

^**p<0.01

^*p<0.05

Source: CLHLS, changes of living arrangements between 2002 and 2005, survival status in 2008 and 2011/2012. Total sample is 6,191.