Table 4.

Results by subgroups.

Adverse effect	Shanghai vs. Taiwan		Male vs. female		Smoking vs. non-smoking		High+middle vs. Low nicotine addiction
Lung cancer	0.17	*	-0.08		-0.34	***	-0.35	***
Cardiovascular	-0.12		0.18	*	-0.13		-0.16
Reduced life expectancy	0.93	***	0.21		-0.20		-0.20
COPD	-0.20	**	-0.09		-0.22	*	-0.23	**
Skin problems	0.65	***	0.59		0.31	*	0.34	**
Reduction of physical capacity	0.25	***	-0.06		0.09		0.10
Oral and dental problems	-0.13		0.33	***	0.33	**	0.31	**
Sexual dysfunction	-0.15		-0.21	*	-0.02		0.00
Addiction	0.04		-0.12		0.23		0.25	*
Inhalation of chemicals	-1.25	***	-0.58	***	-0.18		-0.20
Disturbance of non-smokers	-1.15	***	-0.37	**	-0.49	**	-0.44	**
High expenditures	0.22	*	0.23	*	0.34	**	0.33	**
Weight gain after cessation	0.74	***	-0.04		0.28	**	0.27	**

Significant: 1%***, 5%**, 10%*.