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The three major methods for the synthesis of GAuNPs. (a) Direct reduction of an Au3+ salt in the presence of thiol-linked sugar derivatives to obtain GAuNPs of sizes smaller than 10 nm. (b) Exchange of citrate molecules (cit) on citrate-stabilized AuNPs with thiol-linked sugar derivatives to obtain GAuNPs of various sizes. (c) Reactions of AuNPs (obtained after ligand exchange) with suitably functionalized sugar derivatives.
