Table 1.
Participant characteristics by depression status.
| Depression Statusa |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressed (N= 570) | Non-depressed (N= 584) | |||||
| Woman’s characteristics | ||||||
| PHQ-9 total score, mean (SD) | 14.7 | (3.7) | 2.8 | (2.5) | ||
| Woman’s age, mean (SD) | 27.0 | (4.8) | 26.4 | (4.3) | ||
| range | 18–45 | 18–40 | ||||
| No. of living children, n (%) | ||||||
| First Pregnancy | 137 | (24.0%) | 212 | (36.3%) | ||
| 1 to 3 | 363 | (63.7%) | 336 | (57.5%) | ||
| 4 or more | 70 | (12.3%) | 36 | (6.2%) | ||
| Binary poverty indicators | ||||||
| Food security, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 429 | (75.3%) | 534 | (91.4%) | ||
| No | 124 | (21.8%) | 39 | (6.7%) | ||
| Unknown | 17 | (3.0%) | 11 | (1.9%) | ||
| Family Debt, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 305 | (53.5%) | 206 | (35.3%) | ||
| No | 227 | (39.8%) | 331 | (56.7%) | ||
| Unknown | 38 | (6.7%) | 47 | (8.0%) | ||
| Socioeconomic indicators | ||||||
| Woman’s education, n (%) | ||||||
| None (0) | 107 | (18.8%) | 63 | (10.8%) | ||
| Primary (1–5) | 139 | (24.4%) | 87 | (14.9%) | ||
| Middle (6–8) | 107 | (18.8%) | 108 | (18.5%) | ||
| Secondary (9–10) | 126 | (22.1%) | 167 | (28.6%) | ||
| Higher secondary (11–12) | 46 | (8.1%) | 63 | (10.8%) | ||
| Tertiary (>12) | 45 | (7.9%) | 96 | (16.4%) | ||
| Husband’s education, n (%) | ||||||
| None (0) | 55 | (9.6%) | 33 | (5.7%) | ||
| Primary (1–5) | 67 | (11.8%) | 45 | (7.7%) | ||
| Middle (6–8) | 137 | (24.0%) | 105 | (18.0%) | ||
| Secondary (9–10) | 243 | (42.6%) | 286 | (49.0%) | ||
| Higher secondary (11–12) | 47 | (8.2%) | 65 | (11.1%) | ||
| Tertiary (>12) | 21 | (3.7%) | 50 | (8.6%) | ||
| Depression Status | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weighted asset score | Depressed (N= 570) | Non-depressed (N= 584) | ||||
| Assets | ||||||
| Standardized Asset Index, mean (SD) | -0.3 | (0.9) | 0.1 | (0.7) | ||
| Farm (own or rent) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.1065 | 281 | (49.3%) | 373 | (63.9%) | |
| No | -0.1396 | 289 | (50.7%) | 211 | (36.1%) | |
| Animals | ||||||
| Yes | 0.0545 | 302 | (53.0%) | 369 | (63.2%) | |
| No | -0.0758 | 268 | (47.0%) | 215 | (36.8%) | |
| Radio | ||||||
| Yes | 0.1725 | 98 | (17.2%) | 165 | (28.3%) | |
| No | -0.0510 | 472 | (82.8%) | 419 | (71.7%) | |
| Television | ||||||
| Yes | 0.0552 | 468 | (82.1%) | 518 | (88.7%) | |
| No | -0.3250 | 102 | (17.9%) | 66 | (11.3%) | |
| Fridge | ||||||
| Yes | 0.0936 | 420 | (73.7%) | 508 | (87.0%) | |
| No | -0.3856 | 150 | (26.3%) | 76 | (13.0%) | |
| Washing Machine | ||||||
| Yes | 0.1234 | 380 | (66.7%) | 453 | (77.6%) | |
| No | -0.3209 | 190 | (33.3%) | 131 | (22.4%) | |
| Water pump (electric) | ||||||
| Yes | 0.1332 | 308 | (54.0%) | 400 | (68.5%) | |
| No | -0.2118 | 262 | (46.0%) | 184 | (31.5%) | |
| Bed | ||||||
| Yes | 0.0488 | 496 | (87.0%) | 547 | (93.7%) | |
| No | -0.4616 | 74 | (13.0%) | 37 | (6.3%) | |
| Chair | ||||||
| Yes | 0.0451 | 487 | (85.4%) | 546 | (93.5%) | |
| No | -0.3872 | 83 | (14.6%) | 38 | (6.5%) | |
| Cabinet/cupboard | ||||||
| Yes | 0.0757 | 448 | (78.6%) | 525 | (89.9%) | |
| No | -0.4084 | 112 | (21.4%) | 59 | (10.1%) | |
| Clock | ||||||
| Yes | 0.0875 | 419 | (73.5%) | 507 | (86.8%) | |
| No | -0.3563 | 151 | (26.5%) | 77 | (13.2%) | |
| Sofa | ||||||
| Yes | 0.0933 | 426 | (74.7%) | 505 | (86.5%) | |
| No | -0.3906 | 144 | (25.3%) | 79 | (13.5%) | |
| Sewing Machine | ||||||
| Yes | 0.1334 | 326 | (57.2%) | 422 | (72.3%) | |
| No | -0.2463 | 244 | (42.8%) | 162 | (27.7%) | |
| Camera | ||||||
| Yes | 0.3644 | 64 | (11.2%) | 120 | (20.5%) | |
| No | -0.0693 | 506 | (88.8%) | 464 | (79.5%) | |
| Laptop/Computer/Tablet | ||||||
| Yes | 0.3372 | 102 | (17.9%) | 154 | (26.4%) | |
| No | -0.0964 | 468 | (82.1%) | 430 | (73.6%) | |
| Wrist-watch | ||||||
| Yes | 0.1986 | 201 | (35.3%) | 305 | (52.2%) | |
| No | -0.1553 | 369 | (64.7%) | 279 | (47.8%) | |
| Car/Truck/Tractor | ||||||
| Yes | 0.2552 | 77 | (13.5%) | 113 | (19.3%) | |
| No | -0.0504 | 493 | (86.5%) | 471 | (80.7%) | |
| Gas Cylinder | ||||||
| Yes | 0.1100 | 305 | (53.5%) | 386 | (66.1%) | |
| No | -0.1644 | 265 | (46.5%0 | 198 | (33.9%) | |
| Flush Toilet | ||||||
| Yes | 0.1149 | 299 | (52.5%) | 418 | (71.6%) | |
| No | -0.1889 | 271 | (47.5%) | 166 | (28.4%) | |
| Roof Material | ||||||
| Reinforced brick cement | 0.0829 | 342 | (60.0%) | 390 | (66.8%) | |
| Other | -0.1441 | 228 | (40.0%) | 194 | (33.2%) | |
| Wall Material | ||||||
| Baked bricks | 0.0328 | 497 | (87.2%) | 532 | (91.1%) | |
| Other | -0.2711 | 73 | (12.8%) | 52 | (8.9%) | |
| Floor Material | ||||||
| Chips or ceramix tiles | 0.1190 | 284 | (49.8%) | 353 | (60.4%) | |
| Other | -0.1469 | 286 | (50.2%) | 231 | (39.6%) | |
a
depression status defined as a score of 10 or more on the PHQ-9