Fig. 1.

Indirect (mediation) or direct association between the physical functional limitations and comorbid anxiety and depression (CAD) by pain, sense of mastery and social support in two age groups (age is moderator); those 44 and younger (16–44 years, upper panel) and those 45 years and older (lower panel). Gender, age, survey year and self-rated health were controlled for. Pain, sense of mastery (SM) and social support (SS) were added simultaneously. All data analyzed using model 4 of the PROCESS module. Significance for the 3 indirect effects were examined using bootstrapping/Sobel test. Note. S = significant; NS = non-significant. Significance: p < 0.05 = *; p < 0.01 = **; p < 0.001 = ***.