Table 1.
Puffing regimes, carbonyl trapping materials, analytical methods, and units reported in studies (n = 32) measuring carbonyl emissions from e-cigarettes.
| Characteristic | Number of studies | Studies |
|---|---|---|
| PUFFING REGIMEa | ||
| 55/2/30 | 3 | Uchiyama et al., 2013, 2016; Tayyarah and Long, 2014 |
| 70/1.8/10 | 1 | Goniewicz et al., 2014 |
| 70/1.8/17 | 1 | Kosmider et al., 2014 |
| 55/3/30 | 2 | Hutzler et al., 2014; Beauval et al., 2017 |
| 35/4/30 | 1 | Geiss et al., 2015 |
| 50/4/30 | 2 | Jensen et al., 2015; Farsalinos K. E. et al., 2017a |
| 70/3/10 | 1 | Laugesen, 2015 |
| 60/4/30 | 2 | Farsalinos et al., 2015; Farsalinos K. E. et al., 2017b |
| 40/4/10 | 1 | Herrington and Myers, 2015 |
| 43/2/15-60 | 1 | Blair et al., 2015 |
| 152.8/8/10 | 1 | Talih et al., 2016 |
| 55/4/30 | 3 | Flora et al., 2016, 2017; Gillman et al., 2016 |
| 33.4/2/10 | 1 | Jo and Kim, 2016 |
| 50/3/20 | 1 | Geiss et al., 2016 |
| 80/4/30 | 1 | Havel et al., 2017 |
| 50/5/30 | 2 | Sleiman et al., 2016; Farsalinos K. E. et al., 2017a |
| 100/4/10 | 1 | El-Hellani et al., 2016 |
| 40/4/30 | 1 | Khlystov and Samburova, 2016 |
| 91/4/30 | 1 | Ogunwale et al., 2017 |
| 70/2/10 | 1 | Sala et al., 2017 |
| 45-80/2/60 | 1 | Klager et al., 2017 |
| 66.7/4/10 | 1 | Talih et al., 2017 |
| CARBONYL TRAPPING MATERIALS | ||
| DNPH-coated silica cartridges/silica sorbent tubes | 13 | Goniewicz et al., 2014; Kosmider et al., 2014; El-Hellani et al., 2016; Geiss et al., 2016; Jo and Kim, 2016; Khlystov and Samburova, 2016; Sleiman et al., 2016; Talih et al., 2016, 2017; Beauval et al., 2017; Klager et al., 2017; Kosmider et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017 |
| Hydroquinone-DNPH coupled silica cartridges | 2 | Uchiyama et al., 2010, 2013 |
| Impingers with DNPH | 10 | Hutzler et al., 2014; Tayyarah and Long, 2014; Farsalinos et al., 2015; Farsalinos K. E. et al., 2017a,b; Laugesen, 2015; Flora et al., 2016, 2017; Gillman et al., 2016; Havel et al., 2017 |
| Tedlar bags and DNPH-coated silica cartridges | 1 | Geiss et al., 2015 |
| NMR spectroscopy tube | 1 | Jensen et al., 2015 |
| Thermal desorption tubes | 1 | Herrington and Myers, 2015 |
| Teflon bag and fast flow tube | 1 | Blair et al., 2015 |
| Sorbent cartridge with Carboxen-572 particles | 1 | Uchiyama et al., 2016 |
| Tedlar bag and silicon microreactors with AMAH | 1 | Ogunwale et al., 2017 |
| Divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber | 1 | Sala et al., 2017 |
| ANALYTICAL METHOD | ||
| HPLC | 24 | Uchiyama et al., 2010, 2013, 2016; Goniewicz et al., 2014; Hutzler et al., 2014; Kosmider et al., 2014; Farsalinos et al., 2015; Farsalinos K. E. et al., 2017a,b; Geiss et al., 2015, 2016; Laugesen, 2015; El-Hellani et al., 2016; Gillman et al., 2016; Jo and Kim, 2016; Khlystov and Samburova, 2016; Sleiman et al., 2016; Talih et al., 2016, 2017; Beauval et al., 2017; Havel et al., 2017; Klager et al., 2017; Kosmider et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017 |
| UPLC | 3 | Tayyarah and Long, 2014; Flora et al., 2016, 2017 |
| NMR spectroscopy | 1 | Jensen et al., 2015 |
| TD-GC-MS | 1 | Herrington and Myers, 2015 |
| PTRMS | 1 | Blair et al., 2015 |
| GC-MS, NMR | 1 | Ogunwale et al., 2017 |
| SPME-GC-MS | 1 | Sala et al., 2017 |
| REPORTED UNITSb | ||
| Amount per aerosol volume (m3 or L or mL) | 5 | Uchiyama et al., 2010, 2013; Laugesen, 2015; Beauval et al., 2017; Klager et al., 2017 |
| Amount per puff number | 20 | Goniewicz et al., 2014; Hutzler et al., 2014; Kosmider et al., 2014; Tayyarah and Long, 2014; Blair et al., 2015; Farsalinos et al., 2015; Farsalinos K. E. et al., 2017b Geiss et al., 2015, 2016; Jensen et al., 2015; El-Hellani et al., 2016; Flora et al., 2016, 2017; Gillman et al., 2016; Khlystov and Samburova, 2016; Talih et al., 2016, 2017; Uchiyama et al., 2016; Havel et al., 2017; Ogunwale et al., 2017 |
| Amount per liquid consumption | 8 | Gillman et al., 2016; Jo and Kim, 2016; Khlystov and Samburova, 2016; Sleiman et al., 2016; Sala et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2017; Farsalinos K. E. et al., 2017a,b |
| Ppm | 1 | Herrington and Myers, 2015 |
a
One study (Wang et al., 2017) did not use an e-cigarette to generate aerosol, and another study (Uchiyama et al., 2010) did not report puff duration and interpuff interval. Thus, puffing regime is not identified in these studies. One study (Farsalinos K. E. et al., 2017a) tested two e-cigarette atomizers at different puffing regimes. One study (Kosmider et al., 2017) tested puffing regimes based on topography recordings in experienced vapers; the puffing regimes are not displayed in the table.
b
Some studies reported more than one unit for carbonyl emissions. One study (Kosmider et al., 2017) reported aerosol emissions as amount per hour of e-cigarette use.