Table 3.
Multilevel model of the association of individual and regional variables with self-perceived health, Spain 2007–2011
| SEQUENTIAL ESTIMATION OF MODELS 2007–2011 PANEL | Model 1 PURE PANEL ORIGINAL DATABASE Without controlling for chronically ill |
Model 2 PURE PANEL ORIGINAL DATABASE |
Model 3 NO CHRONICALLY ILL INDIVIDUALS ALTOGETHER |
Model 4 EXCLUDING UNEMPLOYED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE PANEL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SAMPLE | 34,692 OBSERVATIONS 9003 INDIVIDUALS |
34,692 OBSERVATIONS 9003 INDIVIDUALS |
27,008 OBSERVATIONS 8306 INDIVIDUALS |
32,324 OBSERVATIONS 8385 INDIVIDUALS |
| INDIVIDUAL LEVEL: YEARS 2007–2011 | ||||
| Chronic illness | – | 23.54 (21.07–26.3) *** | – | 23.24 (20.69–26.12) *** |
| Centered age | 1.09 (1.09–1.1)*** | 1.06 (1.06–1.07) *** | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) *** | 1.06 (1.06–1.07) *** |
| Female | 1.37 (1.18–1.59) *** | 1.42 (1.25–1.62) *** | 1.53 (1.3–1.8) *** | 1.41 (1.23–1.62) *** |
| Education level (primary as reference) | ||||
| Secondary education | 0.62 (0.53–0.73) *** | 0.63 (0.54–0.73) *** | 0.70 (0.58–0.84) *** | 0.62 (0.53–0.72) *** |
| Higher education | 0.28 (0.23–0.34) *** | 0.31 (0.26–0.37) *** | 0.32 (0.26–0.41) *** | 0.31 (0.26–0.38) *** |
| Activity (employed as reference) | ||||
| Student | 0.62 (0.44–0.88) *** | 0.49 (0.36–0.67) *** | 0.34 (0.21–0.54) *** | 0.51 (0.37–0.71) *** |
| Homemaking | 1.46 (1.21–1.76) *** | 1.23 (1.03–1.46) *** | 0.99 (0.79–1.23) *** | 1.28 (1.07–1.54) *** |
| Other inactive | 4.84 (4.-5.85)*** | 3.07 (2.57–3.67) *** | 1.96 (1.51–2.53) *** | 3.13 (2.6–3.78) *** |
| Long and Very long Unemployment | ||||
| Unemployed between 1 and 11 months | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) | 0.99 (0.8–1.24) *** |
| Unemployed between 12 and 23 months | 1.61 (1.29–2.01) *** | 1.41 (1.17–1.7) *** | 1.37 (1.08–1.73) *** | 1.43 (1.16–1.76) *** |
| Unemployed between 24 and 48 months | 2.32 (1.79–3.02) *** | 1.81 (1.46–2.26) *** | 1.72 (1.31–2.26) *** | 1.60 (1.19–2.13) *** |
| Socioeconomic variables | ||||
| Equivalent household income | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) *** | 0.75 (0.69–0.8) *** | 0.76 (0.7–0.83) *** | 0.72 (0.67–0.78) *** |
| Severe material deprivation | 2.10 (1.57–2.8) *** | 1.95 (1.46–2.6) *** | 1.74 (1.19–2.55) *** | 1.97 (1.43–2.72) *** |
| REGIONAL LEVEL: 17 REGIONS | ||||
| Health-care expenditure | 1.00 (1.00–1.001)*** | 0.99 (0.99–1.001) | 1.00 (0.99–1.001) | 1.00 (0.99–1.001) |
| Fundamental public services | 0.99 (0.99–0.99)*** | 0.99 (0.99–0.99)*** | 0.99 (0.99–0.99)*** | 0.99 (0.99–0.99)*** |
p-value < 0.01 = ***; p-value< 0.05 = **; p-value < 0.10 = *. Source: Prepared by the authors based on data from the Survey on Living Conditions. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2014). http://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=Estadistica_C&cid=1254736176807&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735976608. Accessed 27 Dec 2016