Table 1.
Value and Costs of CHD Outcomes Per Pollution-attributable Case
| Outcome | Value in Thousands of 2014 USD (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Age 45–64 | Age 65+ | |
| Fatal case of CHD | ||
| Value of a statistical lifea | 8,800,000 (900,000, 23,200,000) | 8,800,000 (900,000, 23,200,000) |
| Hospitalization for nonfatal case of CHD | ||
| Direct costs | ||
| Inpatient hospitalizationb,* | 23,881 | 25,348 |
| Medical care in year following dischargec,* | 16,084 | 16,084 |
| Indirect costs | ||
| Lost income, age 45–64d | 2,392 (2,391, 2,393) | NA |
| Opportunity costse,* | ||
| Complete activity restricted | 3971 | 7687 |
| Minor restricted activity | 2287 | 2287 |
| Total cost of hospitalizationf,* | 48,615 | 51,406 |
a
Value of a statistical life is from the US EPA.11
b
Age-specific estimates are from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database.15
c
These are the weighted average of one-year cost estimates.16
d
Lost income is the difference between what would have been earned in the absence of hospitalization and the total payments received from short term disability insurance.17
e
For cases 65+, there are 16.55 hours/day of leisure time lost during complete activity restriction. For cases 45–64, there are 8.55 hours/day of leisure time lost because 8 hours/day are accounted for in lost wages.
f
Sum of the direct, indirect and opportunity costs.
*
Standard errors not available.