Aggregate evidence quality	D
Benefits	Minimization of risk of missing a ciTBI while avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure Avoidance of possible need for sedation Saving CT scan related costs
Risk, harm, cost	Longer ED length of stay Costs associated with observation Reduced throughput for other patients
Benefit-harm assessment	Benefits outweigh harms
Values judgments	EDs adopting this strategy should have internal guidelines/protocols in place for: - close monitoring of head injured children during observation - provision to families of detailed discharge instructions on when to return to the ED Clinical experience was used in making this judgment while recognizing that extensive data from studies are lacking
Intentional vagueness	None
Role of patient preference	Should be considered
Exclusion	Moderate-severe head trauma
Strength	Weak
Difference of opinion	None