Table 3.

Biomarkers of bone formation and bone resorption

	Serum ALP (nmol/60 min)	Serum PINP (ng/mL)	Serum OC (ng/mL)	Serum TRAP (U/L)	TRAP+ cells (%)
Group 1	1.54±0.08	2.41±0.30	73.02±10.64	10.66±4.28	18.67±1.65
Group 2	0.87a±0.04	2.19±0.38	125.3b±11.41	210.8a±42.67	79.80a±8.53
Group 3	0.99±0.08	3.24±0.76	133.6±18.8	173.3±31.71	59.33±4.75
Group 4	1.23c±0.11	4.40d,e±0.85	78.98d±14.90	136.7±23.80	26.69f±2.95
Group 5	1.00±0.11	2.47±0.29	84.28±6.92	188.3±11.56	67.50±8.37

Notes: Group 1: normal control; group 2: CAIA control; group 3: CH-DEAE₁₅/siRNA-TNFα–treated mice; group 4: folate-PEG-CH-DEAE₁₅/siRNA-TNFα–treated mice; group 5: siRNA-TNFα–treated mice. The data are expressed as means ± SEM. Groups 1–4: eight mice each; group 5: five mice.

^aP<0.001 compared to normal mice.

^bP<0.01 compared to normal mice.

^cP<0.01 compared to CAIA mice.

^dP<0.05 compared to CAIA mice.

^eP<0.05 compared to normal mice.

^fP<0.001 compared to CAIA mice.

Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; CAIA, collagen antibody-induced arthritis; CH, chitosan; DEAE, diethylethylamine; OC, osteocalcin; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PINP, procollagen I N-terminal peptide; SEM, standard error of the means; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.