Table 1.
Baseline demographic information and unadjusted associations
| Characteristics | Total | Misuse/overdose events | Opioid prescription filled (%) | Median duration (days) | Median MME/day | Median follow-up (years) | Median time to misuse (years) | Cases per 100 000 person years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sample | 1 015 116 | 5906 | 56 | 5 | 50 | 2.67 | 1.74 | 183.2 |
| Female | 563 170 | 3166 | 54.3 | 5 | 50 | 2.67 | 1.82 | 176.3 |
| Male | 451 946 | 2740 | 58.2 | 5 | 50 | 2.66 | 1.67 | 191.8 |
| Age group (years): | ||||||||
| <15 | 54 098 | 118 | 46 | 5 | 30 | 2.74 | 2.39 | 66.7 |
| 15-24 | 92 458 | 1160 | 62.9 | 5 | 54.2 | 2.51 | 1.47 | 420.6 |
| 25-34 | 97 856 | 666 | 60.6 | 5 | 50 | 2.41 | 1.68 | 226 |
| 35-44 | 175 969 | 1086 | 58.9 | 5 | 50 | 2.69 | 1.9 | 190.7 |
| 45-54 | 238 154 | 1284 | 57.9 | 5 | 50 | 2.78 | 1.95 | 164 |
| 55-64 | 211 308 | 989 | 56.1 | 5 | 50 | 2.55 | 1.64 | 152.4 |
| ≥65 | 145 273 | 603 | 45.5 | 5 | 45 | 2.93 | 2.07 | 126.9 |
| Surgery year: | ||||||||
| 2008 | 142 332 | 1031 | 47.5 | 5 | 50 | 3.3 | 2.76 | 183.1 |
| 2009 | 205 618 | 1374 | 53 | 5 | 50 | 3.62 | 2.51 | 169.5 |
| 2010 | 157 640 | 982 | 61.1 | 5 | 50 | 3.66 | 2.28 | 168.9 |
| 2011 | 137 648 | 780 | 62.8 | 5 | 50 | 3.52 | 1.72 | 171.6 |
| 2012 | 130 096 | 705 | 57.6 | 5 | 50 | 3.2 | 1.38 | 193 |
| 2013 | 113 841 | 505 | 63.9 | 5 | 50 | 2.39 | 1.29 | 195 |
| 2014 | 110 392 | 461 | 49.1 | 5 | 50 | 1.52 | 0.76 | 268.7 |
| Surgery type: | ||||||||
| Musculoskeletal | 367 317 | 2448 | 60.3 | 6 | 57.7 | 2.71 | 1.86 | 206.2 |
| Gastrointestinal | 293 905 | 1825 | 63.2 | 5 | 50 | 2.63 | 1.68 | 198.1 |
| Integumentary | 106 914 | 533 | 39.3 | 5 | 45 | 2.61 | 1.75 | 160.8 |
| Gynecological | 98 444 | 449 | 56.7 | 5 | 46.9 | 2.69 | 1.85 | 142.3 |
| Cardiovascular | 57 715 | 241 | 33.3 | 6 | 44.4 | 2.65 | 1.52 | 134.4 |
| Neurological | 38 698 | 374 | 61.1 | 8 | 56.2 | 2.6 | 1.52 | 306.5 |
| Renal | 30 274 | 121 | 49.8 | 5 | 45 | 2.71 | 1.52 | 125.8 |
| Male genital | 26 524 | 76 | 59.3 | 5 | 41.2 | 2.73 | 1.98 | 89.6 |
| Endocrine | 19 622 | 110 | 49.2 | 4 | 45 | 2.72 | 1.6 | 172 |
| Hernia and lymphatic systems | 11 836 | 56 | 62.6 | 5 | 50 | 2.6 | 1.52 | 153.9 |
| Auditory | 10 250 | 37 | 30.1 | 5 | 41.7 | 2.62 | 1.76 | 114.6 |
| Respiratory | 6280 | 50 | 59.5 | 8 | 50 | 2.44 | 0.85 | 270.2 |
| Maternity care and delivery | 2692 | 13 | 67.4 | 4 | 46.9 | 2.42 | 2.28 | 162.2 |
| Mediastinum and diaphragm | 1186 | 13 | 62 | 6 | 67.5 | 2.74 | 2.52 | 344.1 |
| Reproductive | 10 | 0 | 30 | 5 | 30 | 1.51 | - | 0 |
| Drugs: | ||||||||
| Hydrocodone | 275 292 | 1695 | - | 5 | 45 | 2.83 | 1.95 | 187.5 |
| Oxycodone | 205 559 | 1432 | - | 5 | 62.5 | 2.7 | 1.68 | 219 |
| Codeine | 35 041 | 148 | - | 4 | 27 | 2.84 | 2.45 | 127.6 |
| Mixed | 30 803 | 324 | - | 9 | 60 | 2.62 | 1.52 | 339.7 |
| Tramadol | 11 721 | 70 | - | 8 | 30 | 2.21 | 1.53 | 221.1 |
| Hydromorphone | 9600 | 123 | - | 5 | 66.7 | 2.47 | 1.45 | 427.6 |