Figure 1. S100A4 expression in malignant cells can be induced by tumor microenvironmental factors, such as hopoxia, immune cells, and Wnt and integrin signaling.

Its expression can be also modulated by various microRNAs. In turn, S100A4 regulates multiple downstream cellular processes that are critical for tumor progression , such as acquisition of therapy-resistant stem cell state, EMT/mesenchymal transition, metastasis, angiogenesis, and immune cell regulation.