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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2017 Nov 6;27(1):9–18. doi: 10.1002/pds.4337

Table 1, Panel B.

Characteristics of monotherapy new users of meglitinides and thiazolidinediones vs. metformin

metformin
N=489,979		 nateglinide
N=8,129		 repaglinide
N=10,107		 pioglitazone
N=62,775		 rosiglitazone
N=44,543
Person-years of follow-up 122,694 1,721 2,168 15,594 10,774
Outcomes within 180 days of cohort entry 1,557 42 100 212 158
Average daily dose (milligrams/day) Median (Q1–Q3) 1,000 (1,000–2000) 360 (186–360) 3.0 (1.5–6.0) 30.0 (15.0–45.0) 4.1 (4.0–8.0)
Mode 1000 360 6.0 30.0 8.0
Demographics  Group %* %* SMD WCSD %* SMD WCSD %* SMD WCSD %* SMD WCSD
Age at cohort entry, continuous, in years** Median (Q1–Q3) 55.6 (43.7–68.5) 68.9 (56.0–78.4) 0.67 0.26 70.2 (58.1–79.5) 0.75 0.31 64.8 (51.3–74.6) 0.43 0.18 65.7 (52.1–75.2) 0.47 0.21
Sex** Female 65.7 64.7 0.02 0.14 65.0 0.02 0.18 62.1 0.08 0.07 63.4 0.05 0.09
Race** White 39.4 47.2 0.16 0.28 44.8 0.11 0.28 38.6 0.02 0.13 40.5 0.02 0.16
Black 16.4 12.4 0.12 0.14 15.8 0.02 0.18 15.1 0.04 0.08 15.6 0.02 0.09
Hispanic/Latino 21.2 15.3 0.15 0.17 13.5 0.20 0.21 21.4 0.00 0.12 18.6 0.07 0.11
Other/Unknown 23.0 25.2 0.05 0.21 25.9 0.07 0.20 25.0 0.05 0.13 25.4 0.06 0.10
State of residence** CA 43.0 44.8 0.04 0.03 32.7 0.21 0.07 51.5 0.17 0.02 40.7 0.05 0.02
FL 11.2 12.2 0.03 0.09 13.5 0.07 0.16 12.4 0.04 0.04 16.9 0.16 0.05
NY 29.5 24.8 0.11 0.21 30.0 0.01 0.27 20.7 0.20 0.10 26.5 0.07 0.14
OH 9.2 10.3 0.04 0.15 5.1 0.16 0.11 9.4 0.01 0.05 8.0 0.04 0.04
PA 7.1 7.8 0.03 0.05 18.6 0.35 0.13 6.0 0.05 0.02 7.9 0.03 0.02
Calendar year of cohort entry† 1999–2001 10.8 12.1 0.04 0.15 30.0 0.49 0.64 11.9 0.03 0.06 19.3 0.24 0.21
2002 5.6 15.9 0.34 0.39 9.8 0.16 0.15 8.0 0.09 0.08 11.8 0.22 0.21
2003 6.4 12.1 0.20 0.21 8.0 0.06 0.06 9.8 0.12 0.11 12.6 0.21 0.22
2004 6.7 10.3 0.13 0.13 6.6 0.00 0.03 9.7 0.11 0.10 11.9 0.18 0.20
2005 8.8 14.5 0.18 0.18 5.9 0.11 0.09 13.2 0.14 0.15 13.5 0.15 0.17
2006 12.6 14.0 0.04 0.05 14.4 0.05 0.08 15.2 0.07 0.07 19.8 0.20 0.15
2007 10.3 8.2 0.07 0.12 7.7 0.09 0.14 9.4 0.03 0.04 6.8 0.12 0.14
2008 10.4 5.7 0.17 0.24 7.2 0.11 0.19 7.7 0.09 0.12 1.9 0.36 0.36
2009 13.2 3.9 0.34 0.41 5.9 0.25 0.34 7.9 0.18 0.22 1.6 0.45 0.48
2010 15.1 3.4 0.41 0.49 4.4 0.37 0.46 7.2 0.25 0.31 0.7 0.56 0.59
Co-coverage by Medicare** Yes 46.5 70.6 0.51 0.14 75.3 0.62 0.16 60.6 0.29 0.05 64.0 0.36 0.09
Healthcare utilization covariates in baseline period** Group %* %* SMD WCSD %* SMD WCSD %* SMD WCSD %* SMD WCSD
Nursing home residence, ever Yes 4.1 10.9 0.26 0.08 15.3 0.38 0.08 6.4 0.10 0.02 8.8 0.19 0.03
# Hospitalizations (continuous) Median (Q1–Q3) 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 0.0 (0.0–1.0) 0.38 0.18 0.0 (0.0–1.0) 0.62 0.26 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 0.08 0.08 0.0 (0.0–0.0) 0.14 0.08
# Unique drugs dispensed (continuous) Median (Q1–Q3) 6.0 (2.0–10.0) 9.0 (5.0–14.0) 0.48 0.47 8.0 (3.0–13.0) 0.32 0.39 7.0 (3.0–12.0) 0.17 0.21 6.0 (2.0–11.0) 0.10 0.20
# Ambulatory care visits without a hypoglycemia diagnosis (continuous) Median (Q1–Q3) 4.0 (1.0–10.0) 7.0 (3.0–14.0) 0.25 0.13 7.0 (2.0–13.0) 0.15 0.18 6.0 (2.0–11.0) 0.10 0.07 6.0 (2.0–12.0) 0.10 0.07
Diseases in baseline period** Group % % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD
Alcohol abuse Yes 1.9 2.1 0.01 0.08 2.5 0.04 0.10 1.7 0.01 0.03 1.7 0.01 0.04
Cancer Yes 5.1 9.4 0.17 0.08 11.0 0.22 0.10 6.7 0.07 0.03 7.4 0.09 0.03
Dementia Yes 2.2 6.3 0.20 0.08 8.1 0.27 0.07 4.0 0.10 0.03 4.8 0.14 0.04
Hypoglycemia, ambulatory care visit Yes 0.9 1.6 0.06 0.06 2.0 0.09 0.05 1.3 0.04 0.03 1.5 0.05 0.04
Hypoglycemia, serious Yes 0.4 1.2 0.08 0.04 2.0 0.14 0.04 0.6 0.03 0.01 0.8 0.05 0.01
Kidney diseases Yes 5.3 22.3 0.51 0.04 25.5 0.58 0.05 13.4 0.28 0.05 13.8 0.29 0.04
Liver diseases Yes 6.4 11.1 0.17 0.10 11.6 0.18 0.10 8.4 0.08 0.03 7.8 0.06 0.04
Obesity Yes 10.0 6.7 0.12 0.14 6.3 0.14 0.16 6.2 0.14 0.06 6.1 0.14 0.07
Drugs can affect blood glucose, in 7 days prior to cohort entry** Group % % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD
Co-trimoxazole Yes 0.4 0.6 0.03 0.04 0.7 0.05 0.04 0.3 0.01 0.02 0.4 0.00 0.02
Quinolones Yes 0.8 1.7 0.08 0.06 1.5 0.06 0.03 1.1 0.02 0.02 1.1 0.03 0.02
Drugs can affect blood glucose, in 30 days prior to cohort entry** Group % % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD % SMD WCSD
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors Yes 11.3 11.6 0.01 0.04 12.3 0.03 0.10 10.8 0.02 0.04 10.6 0.02 0.04
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Yes 4.0 8.2 0.18 0.12 6.1 0.10 0.08 5.9 0.09 0.05 5.0 0.05 0.05
Antipsychotics, atypical Yes 8.4 6.9 0.06 0.09 6.0 0.09 0.08 7.1 0.05 0.05 6.4 0.08 0.07
Beta blockers Yes 13.2 18.9 0.15 0.17 16.5 0.09 0.11 14.1 0.02 0.09 13.1 0.00 0.09
Calcineurin inhibitors Yes 0.1 0.6 0.09 0.02 0.9 0.12 0.02 0.2 0.04 0.01 0.3 0.05 0.01
Corticosteroids Yes 3.1 5.4 0.11 0.13 5.9 0.14 0.13 2.9 0.01 0.05 2.9 0.01 0.06
Diuretics, thiazide Yes 6.3 4.2 0.09 0.04 4.0 0.10 0.03 4.3 0.09 0.02 4.3 0.09 0.03
Haloperidol Yes 0.5 0.4 0.01 0.03 0.5 0.00 0.04 0.4 0.02 0.01 0.4 0.02 0.01
Protease inhibitors Yes 0.4 0.2 0.05 0.00 0.4 0.01 0.02 0.6 0.02 0.01 0.9 0.06 0.00
Quinine Yes 0.3 0.9 0.09 0.04 0.6 0.05 0.02 0.6 0.05 0.01 0.7 0.06 0.01
Salicylates Yes 4.1 6.6 0.11 0.09 4.8 0.04 0.05 5.4 0.06 0.04 5.1 0.05 0.04

Q = quartile; SMD = standardized mean difference (vs. metformin); WCSD = weighted conditional standardized difference (vs. metformin)

*

unless otherwise noted

**

included in propensity score

†

included as a covariate in Cox proportional hazards model