Table 3.

Result from the three models of the development of vocabulary from 3½ to 8 years (N = 317): parameter estimates in comparison to monolingual children (b), standard error (SE), p-value (p).

	Growth 3½ to 6 years				Intercept (6 years or mean level)				Growth 6–8 years
	b	SE	b/SE	p	b	SE	b/SE	p	b	SE	b/SE	p
Multilingual model
Multilingual/monolingual	−0.035	0.079	−0.441	.659	−0.043	0.063	−0.685	.493	0.017	0.096	0.178	.858
Sex of the child	0.012	0.074	0.16	.873	0.015	0.061	0.254	.799	−0.085	0.096	−0.885	.376
Non-verbal cognition	−0.011	0.087	−0.131	.896	−0.119	0.069	−1.741	.082	−0.094	0.1	−0.943	.346
Daycare attendance	0.164	0.084	1.959	.05*	0.016	0.065	0.246	.806	0.097	0.101	0.961	.337
Maternal education	0.098	0.099	0.994	.32	0.198	0.079	2.49	.013*	0.077	0.11	0.698	.485
Family income	−0.137	0.098	−1.387	.165	0.138	0.065	2.14	.032*	−0.091	0.115	−0.789	.430
Age of onset of second language exposure model
Simultaneous	−0.013	0.087	−0.148	.882	−0.11	0.069	−1.605	.108	−0.043	0.127	−0.342	.733
Sequential	−0.033	0.08	−0.409	.682	0.013	0.061	0.211	.833	0.043	0.087	0.498	.619
Sex of the child	0.013	0.074	0.174	.862	0.016	0.061	0.257	.797	−0.088	0.095	−0.919	.358
Non-verbal cognition	−0.011	0.088	−0.131	.896	−0.12	0.069	−1.741	.082	−0.098	0.099	−0.987	.323
Daycare attendance	0.163	0.084	1.934	.053*	0.002	0.065	0.037	.97	0.088	0.101	0.877	.381
Maternal education	0.089	0.101	0.882	.378	0.209	0.08	2.618	.009*	0.101	0.108	0.94	.347
Family income	−0.133	0.099	−1.348	.178	0.127	0.064	1.993	.046*	−0.106	0.118	−0.904	.366
Sociolinguistic context model a
Majority	0.076	0.082	0.923	.356	0.061	0.057	1.08	.280	−0.003	0.092	−0.036	.971
Minority	−0.191	0.071	−2.683	.007*	−0.168	0.07	−2.384	.017*	0.037	0.112	0.332	.740
Sex of the child	0.002	0.072	0.033	.974	0.006	0.06	0.1	.921	−0.08	0.093	−0.856	.392
Non-verbal cognition	−0.014	0.084	−0.172	.863	−0.118	0.067	−1.779	.075	−0.088	0.097	−0.906	.365
Daycare attendance	0.126	0.082	1.54	.124	−0.015	0.063	−0.24	.810	0.095	0.1	0.952	.341
Maternal education	0.091	0.096	0.94	.347	0.192	0.076	2.511	.012*	0.069	0.107	0.647	.517
Family income	−0.145	0.1	−1.451	.147	0.125	0.063	1.984	.047*	−0.082	0.112	−0.734	.463

Notes: Significant results (i.e. p < .05) are identified in bold and by an asterisk.

Standardized coefficients provided. Model fit: multilingual model: χ²(17) = 20.84, CFI = .99, TLI = .99, RMSEA = .03, SRMR = .03; age of onset of second-language acquisition model: χ²(19) = 21.73, CFI = .99, TLI = .99, RMSEA = .02, SRMR = .03; sociolinguistic context model: χ²(19) = 24.25, CFI = 0.99, TLI = .98, RMSEA = .03, SRMR = .03.

Note on interactions: No interactions reached significance, in separate models or in a model where all interactions were entered simultaneously.

^aThe effect of minority speakers remain present if we control for simultaneous learning, which is no longer significant in this model.