Table 1. Demographics of study participants at baseline; comparison by smoking status.
| Non-smoker group | Continuous smoker group | Smoking cessation group | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 3,968) | (n = 1,336) | (n = 398) | |
| Age (years) | 55.6 ± 11.3 | 50.9 ± 11.1* | 55.9 ± 11.3§ |
| Male, n (%) | 1,262 (31.8%) | 1,205 (90.2%) | 368 (92.5%) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.0 ± 2.9 | 22.3 ± 2.9* | 22.0 ± 2.9 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.8 ± 8.0 | 82.7 ± 8.2 | 82.2 ± 7.9 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123.8 ± 16.1 | 118.8 ± 14.5 | 119.9 ± 15.4* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.4 ± 9.6 | 74.2 ± 9.6* | 74.4 ± 9.8 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | 63.8 ± 9.5 | 61.1 ± 8.7* | 60.0 ± 8.0* |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 94.2 ± 14.1 | 94.4 ± 15.8 | 93.8 ± 13.7 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121.1 ± 27.0 | 116.0 ± 28.9* | 115.9 ± 27.1 * |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 62.6 ± 13.8 | 56.1 ± 13.2 | 57.3 ± 12.5 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 92.5 ± 51.0 | 120.0 ± 85.6* | 105.7 ± 69.7*§ |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.70 ± 0.21 | 0.80 ± 0.27* | 0.80 ± 0.14* |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 5.8 ± 1.3* | 5.7 ± 1.2* |
| Comorbidities: | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 979 (24.7%) | 196 (14.7%) | 80 (20.1%)*§ |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 170 (4.3%) | 57 (4.3%) | 15 (3.8%) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 1,428 (36.0%) | 502 (37.6%) | 122 (30.%)*§ |
*
P < 0.05 vs. non-smoker group,
§
P < 0.05 vs. continuing smoker group by ANOVA-Scheffe or chi-square test
LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol