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. 2018 Jan 16;8:859. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19204-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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µCT analysis of the distal femur trabecular and cortical bone. (A) ROI for the trabecular bone (tbr) was drawn starting from the distal growth plate of the femur, extending for 1 mm towards diaphysis, excluding the cortical bone material. ROI for the cortical bone (cr) was drawn starting from 1 mm from the distal growth plate to the diaphysis, extending a longitudinal distance of 1 mm. (B–D) Trabecular number (Tb.N) (B), thickness (Tb.Th) (C) and open porosity (Po(op)) (D) indicated reduced trabecular bone content and impaired structure. (E–G). Cortical bone volume (BV) (E), surface (BS) (F) and connectivity (conn) (G) showed decreased cortical bone volume and structure in Spef2 KO femurs. Error bars ± SD; * = p < 0,05; ** = p < 0,01; *** = p < 0,001.