Table 2.
Factors associated with highest quintile of baPWV.
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (years) | 1.120 (1.103–1.136) | <0.001 | 1.131 (1.108–1.155) | <0.001 |
| Men (vs. women) | 1.094 (0.862–1.389) | 0.459 | 0.655 (0.413–1.040) | 0.073 |
| Causes of CKD | ||||
| HN vs. DMN | 0.313 (0.227–0.431) | <0.001 | 0.506 (0.317–0.808) | 0.004 |
| GN vs. DMN | 0.103 (0.072–0.147) | <0.001 | 0.297 (0.179–0.493) | <0.001 |
| Others vs. DMN | 0.163 (0.114–0.233) | <0.001 | 0.572 (0.328–0.996) | 0.049 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 1.044 (1.036–1.052) | <0.001 | 1.036 (1.025–1.047) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 1.006 (0.996–1.017) | 0.227 | — | — |
| RASI (yes vs. no) | 1.096 (0.772–1.556) | 0.607 | — | — |
| BB (yes vs. no) | 1.489 (1.153–1.923) | 0.002 | 1.196 (0.822–1.739) | 0.350 |
| CCB (yes vs. no) | 2.196 (1.735–2.779) | <0.001 | 1.570 (1.107–2.227) | 0.011 |
| Diuretics (yes vs. no) | 1.980 (1.559–2.515) | <0.001 | 0.911 (0.638–1.302) | 0.610 |
| CVD (yes vs. no) | 2.081 (1.490–2.906) | <0.001 | 0.725 (0.447–1.175) | 0.192 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.033 (0.999–1.069) | 0.059 | — | — |
| Smoking (Pack-year) | 1.014 (1.008–1.020) | <0.001 | 1.005 (0.996–1.015) | 0.246 |
| HR (counts/min) | 1.018 (1.010–1.027) | <0.001 | 1.027 (1.013–1.040) | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/l) | 1.187 (1.131–1.246) | <0.001 | 1.007 (0.941–1.077) | 0.847 |
| BUN (mmol/l) | 1.072 (1.051–1.094) | <0.001 | 0.971 (0.926–1.017) | 0.216 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 0.978 (0.973–0.983) | <0.001 | 0.998 (0.988–1.008) | 0.712 |
| Calcium (mmol/l) | 0.148 (0.060–0.368) | <0.001 | 0.198 (0.041–0.962) | 0.045 |
| Phosphorus (mmol/l) | 4.046 (2.318–7.061) | <0.001 | 1.623 (0.635–4.149) | 0.312 |
| Bilirubin (μmol/l) | 0.902 (0.876–0.929) | <0.001 | 0.996 (0.949–1.045) | 0.870 |
| Albumin (g/l) | 0.933 (0.909–0.958) | <0.001 | 1.044 (0.990–1.100) | 0.111 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/l) | 0.922 (0.820–1.038) | 0.182 | 0.976 (0.865–1.101) | 0.692 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 0.783 (0.736–0.833) | <0.001 | 1.075 (0.954–1.212) | 0.237 |
| Log hsCRP (nmol/l) | 1.162 (1.067–1.265) | 0.001 | 1.272 (1.089–1.485) | 0.002 |
| Log UPCR (g/g Cr) | 1.439 (1.323–1.565) | <0.001 | 1.131 (1.108–1.155) | <0.001 |
baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DMN, diabetic nephropathy; HN, hypertensive nephropathy; GN, glomerulonephritis; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; RASI, renin angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor; BB, beta blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; BMI, body mass index; HR, heart rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; UPCR, urine protein-to-creatinine ratio; Cr, creatinine. Adjusted OR and its CI were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis entering age, sex and variables with P < 0.05 in univariate logistic regression analysis as covariates.