Fig. 1.

Human nTreg and γδ Treg cells induce DNA damage response in responder T cells. a, b Phosphorylated activation of ATM and other associated molecules H2AX, 53BP1, and CHK2 in both naive CD4⁺ T (in a) and naive CD8⁺ T (in b) cells treated with CD4⁺CD25^hiFoxP3⁺ Treg (nTreg) cells. Anti-CD3 activated naive T cells were treated with nTreg or CD4⁺CD25⁻ effector T cells (control) for 3 days. The p-ATM, p-H2AX, p-53BP1, and p-CHK2 expression in treated naive CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were analyzed by the flow cytometry. c, d Upregulated phosphorylated ATM and other associated molecules H2AX, 53BP1, and CHK2 were determined in pre-activated naive CD4⁺ (in c) and CD8⁺ (in d) T cells treated with γδ Treg cells for 3 days by the flow cytometry. Anti-CD3-activated naive T cells treated with CD4⁺CD25⁻ and γδ2 effector T cells were served as controls