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. 2018 Jan 16;9:232. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02676-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Photoelectrochemical water splitting with the Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NPP photoelectrode. a Current-potential characteristics of the Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ photoelectrode in 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ solution (pH 6.8) under chopped (orange line) and continuous (green dashed line) AM 1.5G simulated sunlight illumination. The dark current is plotted alongside (dark dotted line). b, c Wavelength-dependent photocurrent-time plots (baseline subtracted) of a H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NS (b) and a Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NPP photoelectrodes (c) under irradiation of AM 1.5G simulated sunlight (gray line) equipped with different long-pass filters (colored solid lines) in the presence of an anodic bias of 1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Absorption spectra of the H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NSs (black dashed line in b) and AM 1.5G simulated sunlight (filled squares in c) illumination after passing a UV cutoff filter (blue dashed line in c) or different colored glass filters (green, red, brown, and black dashed line in c) are plotted alongside for comparison. b Photocurrent-time plot (baseline subtracted) of the H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NS photoelectrode under integral red-NIR illumination in the presence of an anodic bias of 1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). d Fluence-dependent photocurrent-time plots (baseline subtracted) of the Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NPP photoelectrode. e Postulated charge transfer on the Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NPP heterojunction starts with the photoabsorption process. f I_in as a function of simulated sunlight intensity of the Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NPP photoelectrode. g Postulated charge transfer on the Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NPP heterojunction via a two sequential one-photon absorption process. h I_in as a function of the intensity of either simulated sunlight (gray line) or integral VIS-NIR light (blue line) for the H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NS photoelectrode. h Fluence-dependent photocurrent-time plots (baseline subtracted) of the H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NS photoelectrode. i Schematic illustration of the 3D metal-semiconductor heterojunction of the Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NPP photoelectrode. j, k Normalized Au (j) and Nb (k) L₃-edge XAS spectra of the Au@Nb@H_xK_1−xNbO₃ NPPs collected in the presence and absence of AM 1.5G simulated sunlight. The difference in absorbance (∆A) between the aforementioned two conditions is plotted alongside. Abbreviations used: NS, nanoscroll; NPP, nanopeapod; VIS, visible, NIR, near-infrared, I_in, initial photocurrent shoot at the light-on instant; E_F, Fermi level; E, electric field, k, wavenumber; ITO, tin-doped indium oxide