Table 4.
Associations between bullying perpetration and mastery of developmental tasks (odds ratios) in TRAILS
| Romantic status | Educational attainment | In work/ education | Welfare independence | Financial competence | Law-abidance | Cannabis abstention | Low tobacco use | Low/moderate alcohol use | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perpetration (unadjusted) | 0.96 (0.84/1.09) | 0.87 (0.74/1.03) | 0.74 (0.62/0.91) | 0.78 (0.64/0.94) | 0.94 (0.83/1.06) | 0.70 (0.60/0.82) | 0.89 (0.79/1.01) | 0.81 (0.71/0.91) | 0.96 (0.82/1.10) |
| Perpetration | 0.93 (0.82/1.07) | 1.00 (0.84/1.19) | 0.83 (0.69/1.01) | 0.88 (0.72/1.07) | 0.96 (0.84/1.08) | 0.72 (0.61/0.85) | 0.84 (0.74/0.96) | 0.82 (0.73/0.93) | 0.91 (0.78/1.06) |
| Family SES | 0.79 (0.67/0.93) | 1.77 (1.39/2.24) | 1.74 (1.31/2.30) | 1.63 (1.23/2.16) | 1.12 (0.96/1.31) | 1.03 (0.82/1.29) | 0.71 (0.61/0.83) | 1.09 (0.93/1.26) | 0.74 (0.61/0.89) |
| Family instability | 0.74 (0.56/0.98) | 0.60 (0.42/0.86) | 0.60 (0.40/0.91) | 0.39 (0.26/0.59) | 0.45 (0.35/0.59) | 0.57 (0.39/0.81) | 0.52 (0.40/0.67) | 0.77 (0.59/0.99) | 1.12 (0.79/1.59) |
| Child intelligence | 1.00 (0.99/1.01) | 1.04 (1.03/1.05) | 1.02 (1.01/1.04) | 1.04 (1.02/1.05) | 1.00 (1.00/1.01) | 1.01 (1.00/1.02) | 0.98 (0.98/0.99) | 1.00 (1.00/1.01) | 0.99 (0.98/1.00) |
| Perpetration | 0.96 (0.83/1.11) | 1.05 (0.87/1.28) | 0.85 (0.69/1.05) | 0.91 (0.73/1.21) | 1.07 (0.93/1.23) | 0.83 (0.70/1.00) | 0.92 (0.80/1.05) | 0.92 (0.80/1.05) | 0.94 (0.79/1.11) |
| Family SES | 0.79 (0.67/0.93) | 1.77 (1.39/2.25) | 1.73 (1.30/2.29) | 1.63 (1.22/2.16) | 1.12 (0.96/1.31) | 1.03 (0.82/1.31) | 0.71 (0.60/0.83) | 1.08 (0.93/1.26) | 0.74 (0.61/0.89) |
| Family instability | 0.75 (0.56/0.99) | 0.61 (0.43/0.87) | 0.62 (0.41/0.94) | 0.40 (0.27/0.60) | 0.46 (0.36/0.60) | 0.56 (0.38/0.80) | 0.52 (0.40/0.69) | 0.78 (0.60/1.01) | 1.11 (0.78/1.57) |
| Child intelligence | 1.00 (0.99/1.01) | 1.04 (1.03/1.05) | 1.02 (1.01/1.04) | 1.04 (1.02/1.05) | 1.01 (1.00/1.01) | 1.01 (1.00/1.02) | 0.98 (0.98/0.99) | 1.00 (1.00/1.01) | 0.99 (0.98/1.00) |
| Depression | 1.08 (0.62/1.89) | 0.64 (0.30/1.37) | 0.26 (0.11/0.59) | 0.42 (0.18/0.99) | 0.77 (0.46/1.28) | 2.14 (0.97/4.69) | 1.50 (0.89/2.53) | 1.02 (0.62/1.67) | 1.85 (0.98/3.49) |
| Anxiety | 0.90 (0.51/1.60) | 2.26 (0.97/5.26) | 2.45 (0.95/6.34) | 0.97 (0.39/2.46) | 0.86 (0.51/1.47) | 2.17 (0.94/4.98) | 1.27 (0.74/2.19) | 1.92 (1.14/3.25) | 0.99 (0.52/1.90) |
| Externalizing problems | 0.71 (0.34/1.49) | 0.43 (0.16/1.16) | 0.83 (0.27/2.62) | 0.94 (0.29/3.01) | 0.31 (0.15/0.62) | 0.07 (0.03/0.17) | 0.27 (0.13/0.55) | 0.21 (0.10/0.41) | 0.47 (0.20/1.09) |
SES Socioeconomic status. Analyses are based on full information maximum likelihood logistic regression models. All outcomes were coded so that 0 = no mastery and 1 = mastery. Victimization and bullying were tested in separate models. Estimates are odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals are presented in brackets. Coefficients in bold font are statistically significant at p < 0.05