Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included studies.
| Reference | Species, weight, anesthetic | Model (Parkinson’s disease/l-dopa-induced dyskinesias) | Intervention | Outcome index | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6-0HDA models | |||||
| Lundblad et al. (21) | SD rats (female, 9/10), 225 g, NR | Unilateral 6-OHDA (8 μg/3 μl) lesioned; l-dopa (4 mg/kg)/carbidopa (12 mg/kg) for 16 days | KW-6002 (3 and 10 ml/kg, p.o.) for 16 days | 1. Rotarod performance 2. Total AIM |
1. p > 0.05 2. p < 0.05 |
| Danqing (12) | Mice (NR,10/7), NR, avertin | Unilateral 6-OHDA (8 μg/4 μl) lesioned; l-DOPA (2 mg/kg)/benserazide (2 mg/kg) for 21 days | KW-6002 (0.03 mg/kg and 0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days | 1. Locomotor Activity 2. Total AIM |
1. p > 0.05 2. p < 0.05 |
| Elisabetta (23) | SD rats (male, 8/8), 275–300 g, chloral hydrate | Unilateral 6-OHDA (8 μg/4 μl) lesioned; l-DOPA (3 mg/kg)/benserazide (6 mg/kg) for 18 days | ST1535 (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for 18 days | 1. Locomotor Activity 2. limb and axial AIM |
1. p > 0.05 2. p < 0.05 |
| Yi-xian (24) | SD rats (male, 10/10), 180–220 g, chloral hydrate | Unilateral 6-OHDA (8 μg/4 μl) lesioned; l-dopa (25 mg/kg)/benserazide (6.25 mg/kg) for 21 days | Caffeine (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days | 1. Rotational response 2. Total AIM, limb AIM 3. Orolingual AIM |
1. p > 0.05 2. p < 0.05 3. p < 0.05 |
| Danqing (25) | Mice (both sex, 24/12), NR, avertin | Unilateral 6-OHDA (10 μg/4 μl) lesioned; l-dopa (2 mg/kg)/benserazide (2 mg/kg) for 21 days | Caffeine (3 and 15 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 days | 1. Total AIM | 1. p < 0.05 |
| Jones et al. (26) | SD rats (male, 6/6), 350–400 g, NR | Unilateral 6-OHDA (8 μg/4 μl) lesioned; l-dopa (6 mg/kg)/benserazide (15 mg/kg) for 22 days | SCH 412348 (3 mg/kg, i.p.) for 22 days | 1. Catalepsy 2. Total AIM |
1. p > 0.05 2. p > 0.05 |
| MPTP models | |||||
| Tomoyuki (20) | Marmosets (both sex, 4/4), 285–420 g, NR | MPTP 2.0 mg/kg sc for 5 days; l-dopa (12.5 mg/kg)/carbidopa (12.5 mg/kg) for 21 days | KW-6002 (10 ml/kg, p.o.) for 21 days | 1. Locomotor Activity 2. Motor disability |
1. p > 0.05 2. p < 0.05 |
| Sarah (22) | Marmosets (both sex, 4/4), 265–437 g, NR | MPTP 2.0 mg/kg sc for 5 days; l-dopa (2.5 mg/kg)/carbidopa (12.5 mg/kg) for 8 weeks | ST1535 (20 mg/kg, p.o.) for 8 weeks | 1. Locomotor Activity 2. Motor disability |
1. p > 0.05 2. p < 0.05 |
| Shin-ichi (27) | Marmosets (both sex, 8/8), 285–420 g, NR | MPTP 2.0 mg/kg sc for 5 days; l-dopa (10 mg/kg)/carbidopa (2.5 mg/kg) for 28 days | KW-6002 (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days | 1. Locomotor Activity 2. Motor disability |
1. p > 0.05 2. p < 0.05 |
AIM, abnormal involuntary movements; SD rats, Sprague-Dawley rats; 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; NR, no report; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine; MFB, medial forebrain bundle; l-dopa, levodopa.