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. 2017 Dec 20;11:94. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2017.00094

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Copyright © 2017 Hashikawa, Hashikawa, Falkner and Lin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The potential pathways for “bottom up” modulation. (Left) the key relays to transfer hunger state related information from AGRP neurons to the insular cortex; (Right) a putative pathway that transfers aggressive state related information from the VMHvl to the prefrontal cortex. InsCox, insular cortex; BMA, basomedial amygdala; PVT, paraventricular nucleus of thalamus; AgRP, agouti-related peptide in the arcuate nucleus; PFC, prefrontal cortex; VMHvl, ventromedial hypothalamus ventrolateral part.