Table 2.

Objective and subjective caregiver burden, positive aspects of caregiving and self-reported health indicators: proportions and (95% CI) for dichotomous outcomes, mean and (SD) for continuous outcomes

	General health	Role physical	Role mental	Sleep problems	Pain intensity	Mental health	Vitality
Effect size	Proportion (95% CI)	Proportion (95% CI)	Proportion (95% CI)	Proportion (95% CI)	Proportion (95% CI)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)
Scale	0 to 1	0 to 1	0 to 1	0 to 1	0 to 1	0 to 100	0 to 100
Proportion indicated	Less than good	Some role limitations	Some role limitations	Proportion of problems	At least moderate
Objective caregiver burden
Daily hours of caregiving (range 0–24)
Less than an hour	0.31 (0.17 to 0.49)	0.44 (0.28 to 0.61)	0.22 (0.11 to 0.40)	0.38 (0.23 to 0.52)	0.39 (0.23 to 0.57)	72.26 (11.31)	53.13 (16.64)
Around an hour	0.21 (0.10 to 0.39)	0.24 (0.12 to 0.42)	0.21 (0.10 to 0.39)	0.25 (0.12 to 0.37)	0.15 (0.06 to 0.32)	76.85 (13.30)	64.39 (16.19)
Around 2–3 hours	0.35 (0.19 to 0.55)	0.56 (0.36 to 0.74)	0.28 (0.14 to 0.49)	0.33 (0.19 to 0.48)	0.32 (0.16 to 0.53)	71.36 (19.59)	59.60 (21.21)
Over 3 hours	0.40 (0.18 to 0.66)	0.60 (0.34 to 0.82)	0.31 (0.11 to 0.61)	0.56 (0.35 to 0.76)	0.33 (0.14 to 0.61)	70.93 (22.85)	57.14 (22.68)
p Values	0.53†	0.04†	0.86†	0.10; 0.18‡	0.19†	0.57, 0.61‡	0.09, 0.23‡
Amount of ADL support (range 0–12)
Lowest tertile (0)	0.17 (0.08 to 0.32)	0.37 (0.23 to 0.53)	0.24 (0.13 to 0.40)	0.29 (0.18 to 0.41)	0.22 (0.12 to 0.37)	75.69 (9.81)	57.75 (16.25)
Middle tertile (1-2)	0.39 (0.24 to 0.56)	0.42 (0.27 to 0.58)	0.17 (0.08 to 0.34)	0.43 (0.30 to 0.56)	0.34 (0.20 to 0.52)	72.11 (15.78)	58.43 (17.01)
Highest tertile (≥3)	0.34 (0.20 to 0.52	0.47 (0.31 to 0.64)	0.24 (0.12 to 0.42)	0.33 (0.21 to 0.46)	0.29 (0.16 to 0.47)	75.44 (17.99)	62.86 (19.83)
p Values	0.08†	0.66†	0.70†	0.23, 0.56‡	0.48†	0.64, 0.56‡	0.23, 0.12‡
Amount of IADL support (range 0–10)
Lowest tertile (0–2)	0.30 (0.18 to 0.46)	0.40 (0.25 to 0.56)	0.28 (0.16 to 0.44)	0.35 (0.22 to 0.48)	0.33 (0.20 to 0.50)	73.68 (11.82)	56.41 (17.55)
Middle tertile (3-4)	0.26 (0.15 to 0.43)	0.32 (0.19 to 0.48)	0.11 (0.04 to 0.25)	0.32 (0.21 to 0.44)	0.18 (0.09 to 0.34)	77.19 (12.71)	60.54 (15.76)
Highest tertile (≥5)	0.33 (0.19 to 0.52)	0.59 (0.40 to 0.75)	0.36 (0.20 to 0.55)	0.41 (0.28 to 0.54)	0.28 (0.14 to 0.47)	72.13 (19.31)	61.33 (20.88)
p Values	0.82†	0.08†	0.05†	0.57; 0.43‡	0.33†	0.35; 0.80‡	0.31; 0.13‡
Subjective caregiver burden
Lower burden (ZBI-S≤12)	0.21 (0.14 to 0.31)	0.33 (0.24 to 0.44)	0.18 (0.11 to 0.27)	0.30 (0.23 to 0.38)	0.21 (0.14 to 0.31)	77.38 (11.69)	62.91 (15.51)
Higher burden (ZBI-S>12)	0.64 (0.41 to 0.81)	0.73 (0.50 to 0.88)	0.47 (0.26 to 0.70)	0.59 (0.41 to 0.76)	0.57 (0.35 to 0.77)	59.24 (21.75)	43.25 (20.86)
p Values	<0.001†	0.001†	0.005†	0.002§	0.001†	<0.001§	<0.001§
Positive aspects of caregiving
Yes	0.28 (0.16 to 0.44)	0.50 (0.35 to 0.65)	0.33 (0.20 to 0.50)	0.36 (0.26 to 0.46)	0.28 (0.16 to 0.45)	77.68 (14.63)	62.11 (16.67)
No	0.30 (0.19 to 0.42)	0.37 (0.25 to 0.50)	0.19 (0.11 to 0.31)	0.38 (0.26 to 0.49)	0.30 (0.20 to 0.43)	71.28 (16.50)	56.72 (18.82)
p Values	0.83†	0.19†	0.10†	0.71§	0.85†	0.05§	0.15§

Only full cases included in these descriptive analyses.

† p Values from χ² tests.

‡ p Values from Kruskal-Wallis tests followed by a non-parametric tests for trend across ordered groups (nptrend by Cuzick⁴²).

§ p Values from t-tests.

ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, informal activities of daily living; ZBI-S, Zarit Burden Interview, short form.