Table 3.

Intervention characteristics

Study	Name of intervention	N	Intervention				Control	Outcome
			Begins	Intensity	Format	Ends/duration		Measure	Child age
Ammaniti et al 56	Home Visiting Programme	91	8 months pregnant	Weekly and every second week; ~36 sessions	Home visits	Ends: 12 months of age	No intervention	Parent–child relationship	12 months
Baggett et al 43	Infant net	40	3–8 months of age	10 online sessions + 1 read to me session + weekly coach calls	Web coaching	Duration: 6 months	TAU + provided computer and internet technology	Parent–child relationship	~10 months
Barlow et al 59	Intervention based on the Family Partnership Model	131	6 months antenatal	Weekly (mean sessions 41.2)	Home visits	Duration: 18 months	TAU	Parent–child relationship Child development	12 months
Bridgeman et al 47	Parent Child Development Center	Unclear*	2 months of age	Twice a week for a total of 6 hours	Individual sessions	Ends: 36 months of age	No intervention	Parent–child relationship Child development†	36 months
Cassidy et al 44	Circle of security, home visiting	174	6.5–9 months of age	1 hour every 3 weeks	Home visits	Duration: 3 months	Psychoeducational sessions (3 times 1 hour)	Parent–child relationship†	12 months
Fergusson et al 57 58	Early start (2 levels of intensity)	443	Recruited within 3 months of birth	Varied; low level: up to 2.5 hours per 3 months	Home visits	Duration 36 months	No intervention	Child development	~36 months ~9 years
Høivik et al 45	Video feedback, Marte Meo	158	Varies, between 0–24 months of age ~7.3 months of age	8 sessions, 9–13 months (mean 11.5 months)	Home visits	Duration: 9–13 months	TAU + health centre nurses if needed	Parent–child relationship Child development	~9–10 months ~15–16 months
Kaminski et al 36	Legacy for children	574	Prenatal in LA	Weekly (2.5 hour) for 3 years in LA	Group sessions and individual sessions	Duration: 3 years in LA	No intervention	Child development	~36 months ~48 months ~60 months
Kaminski et al 36	Legacy for children		At birth in Miami	Weekly (1.5 hour) for 5 years in Miami	Group sessions and individual sessions	Ends: 5 years of age in Miami	No intervention	Child development	~60 months
Katz et al 46	Pride in Parenting Programme	286	At birth	Weekly from birth through 4 months and biweekly from 5 to 12 months	Home visits + groups sessions	Ends: 12 months of age	TAU + monthly contacts from a hospital-based social worker	Child development	12 months
Mendelsohn et al 48	Video Interaction Project	150	2 weeks postpartum	12 sessions (30–45 min each)	Individual sessions	Ends: 36 months of age	TAU	Child development	33 months
Salomonsson et al 52 53 54	Psychoanalytic treatment	80	Varied: infants below 1½ years, mean age <6 months	23 session (median), 2–3 hours per week	Individual sessions	Duration: unclear, assumingly 6 months	TAU	Parent–child relationship Child development	4½ years ~11 months ~54 months
Sierau et al 55	Pro Kind	755	36 gestational weeks (assumingly)	Weekly (first 4 weeks after programme intake and 4 weeks after birth), biweekly and monthly (last half year of treatment)	Home visits	Ends: 24 months old (assumingly)	TAU	Parent–child relationship Child development	24 months
Taylor et al 42	Group well child care	220	3 months of age	7 sessions (45–60 min) up to 15 months	Group sessions	Ends: ~15 months of age	Individual well child care‡	Parent–child relationship† Child development†	~15 months
van den Boom5 49	—	100	6 months of age (baseline 10 days after birth)	1 session (2 hours) every 3 weeks for 3 months	Home visits	Ends: 9 months of child’s age	No intervention	Parent–child relationship	9 months 12 months 18 months
Klein Velderman et al 51	1. VIPP 2. VIPP-R	81	~7 months of age	4 visits (1.5–3 hours) over 9–12 weeks	Home visits	Duration: 9–12 weeks	No intervention	Parent–child relationship	11–13 months 13 months

*Study only reported number of participants in each analysis.

†Outcome(s) not included in meta-analysis.

‡Two active intervention groups, no control group.

TAU, treatment as usual; VIPP, Video Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting; VIPP-R, Video Feedback Intervention to Promote Positive Parenting with Discussions on the Representational Level.