. 2018 Jan 1;8(3):815–829. doi: 10.7150/thno.19577

Table 1.

Vascular stem cells and progenitors

Location	Markers	Species/Tissue	Cell	Differentiation	In vivo function	Year
Adventitia	Stro1⁺, CD105⁺, CD73⁺, CD44⁺, CD90⁺, CD29⁺, Oct4⁺, Sox2⁺ ⁹², ⁹³	Human internal thoracic artery	Vascular wall-resident multipotent stem cells	Adipocyte, chondrocyte, osteocyte, SMC	Neovascularization, (Putative) neointima formation and tumor vascularization	2011, 2013
Adventitia	CD34⁺, vWF^-, CD31^-, Sox2⁺ ⁹⁴	Human saphenous vein	Saphenous vein-derived progenitor	Myocyte , osteoblast, adipocytes, neuron-like cell	Neovascularization	2011
Adventitia	Sca-1⁺ ⁹⁹, ¹⁰⁰, ¹⁹³	Mouse aortic root	Adventitia progenitors	SMC, EC	Atherosclerotic lesion	2004, 2008, 2012
Adventitia	Sca-1⁺, CD45⁺ ²⁸	Mouse aorta	Macrophage progenitors	Macrophages	Inflammatory response	2014
Adventitia	Sca-1⁺, CD34⁺ ³³	Mouse aortic root, carotid arteries, descending aorta, femoral arteries	Vascular, myeloid progenitors	Mature SMCs, resident Macrophages, Endothelial-like cells	(Putative) Maintenance of resident vascular progenitor cell population	2016
Adventitia	Gli1⁺, Sca1⁺, CD34⁺, PDGFRβ⁺¹¹⁸	Mouse arteries	Adventitial progenitors	SMCs, osteoblast-like cells	Neointima, calcification	2016
Adventitia and media	Sox10⁺, Sox17⁺, CD29⁺, CD44⁺, S100β⁺, NFM⁺ ²⁵, ¹⁹⁴	Human, rat and mouse arteries and veins; normal and diseased vessels	MVSC	SMC, osteoblast, chondrocyte, adipocyte, neural lineages	Neointima, proliferative SMC, osteochondrogenic	2012
Media	CD29⁺, CD44⁺ 3G5⁺, SMA⁺ ⁸³, ⁸⁴	Bovine and human thoracic aorta	CVC/MSC	SMC, osteoblast, chondrocyte	Not reported (N/R)	2002, 2010
Media	Sca-1⁺, c-kit^-/low Lin^-, CD34^-/low ⁸⁵	Mouse thoracic and abdominal arteries	Side population	SMC, EC	N/R	2006
Media	CD44⁺, CD56⁺, CD90⁺, CD105⁺, CD34^- and CD45^- ⁸⁷	Porcine aorta	Pericyte-like, MSC-like vascular progenitors	Adipocyte, Osteocyte, Chondrocyte	N/R	2014
Intima	CD13⁺, CD29⁺, CD44⁺,CD54⁺, CD90⁺ ⁹⁸	Human saphenous vein-internal surface	Vein MSC	Osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes	N/R	2005
Around microvessel	N/R ¹⁹⁵, ¹⁹⁶	Bovine retina	Pericyte	Osteoblast, chondrocyte, adipocyte	Chondrogenic and adipogenic in diffusion chambers	1990, 2004
Around microvessel	NG2⁺, alkaline phosphatase⁺ or CD146⁺, NG2⁺, and PDGFR-β⁺ ¹⁹⁷, ¹⁹⁸	Human skeletal muscle, pancreas, adipose tissue, and placenta	Pericyte/ peri-vascular MSCs	Skeletal muscle, Osteoblast, chondrocyte, adipocyte	Muscle regeneration, ectopic bone formation	2007, 2008
N/R	CD34⁺, Tie-2⁺, NG2⁺, nestin⁺, PDGFR-α⁺, PDGFR-β⁺ ¹¹²	Rat aorta	Pericyte progenitor	Pericyte	N/R	2005
N/R	Oct-4⁺, Stro-1⁺, Sca-1⁺, Notch-1⁺, CD44⁺, CD90⁺, CD105⁺, CD73⁺, CD29⁺, CD166⁺ ¹⁴	Human aortic arches, thoracic and femoral arteries	MSC	SMC, chondrocyte, adipocyte	N/R	2010