Table 2.
Bivariate analyses investigating nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU) before or after illegal drug use (n = 1345)
| Characteristic | ARYS (n = 512) | VIDUS (n = 833) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NMPOU first (vs. never NMPOU) | Illicit drugs first (vs. never NMPOU) | NMPOU first (vs. never NMPOU) | Illicit drugs first (vs. never NMPOU) | |||||
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Age per year older | 0.91 (0.84–0.99) | 0.033 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.122 | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.080 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.083 |
| Male gendera | 1.59 (0.85–2.96) | 0.146 | 1.03 (0.57–1.81) | 0.923 | 0.99 (0.59–1.63) | 0.972 | 1.19 (0.73–1.91) | 0.487 |
| Caucasian ancestrya | 1.06 (0.57–1.93) | 0.861 | 1.13 (0.64–2.00) | 0.665 | 1.66 (1.02–2.74) | 0.043 | 1.99 (1.25–3.21) | 0.004 |
| Homelessa | 1.99 (0.57–6.48) | 0.257 | 1.47 (0.47–3.90) | 0.467 | 2.48 (1.08–5.54) | 0.028 | 2.26 (1.04–4.59) | 0.029 |
| High school incompletiona | 0.60 (0.33–1.12) | 0.107 | 0.59 (0.33–1.05) | 0.070 | 1.09 (0.66–1.80) | 0.742 | 1.03 (0.64–1.66) | 0.903 |
| Daily heroin usea,b,c | 4.30 (1.76–12.95) | 0.003 | 4.82 (2.04–14.19) | 0.001 | 2.82 (1.44–6.08) | 0.004 | 2.61 (1.37–5.53) | 0.006 |
| Daily stimulant usea,b,c,d | 0.63 (0.34–1.20) | 0.158 | 0.93 (0.52–1.67) | 0.798 | 1.25 (0.72–2.22) | 0.437 | 1.23 (0.73–2.13) | 0.455 |
| Binge drug usea,b,c | 2.39 (1.30–4.48) | 0.006 | 3.06 (1.73–5.54) | 0.000 | 1.60 (0.94–2.81) | 0.091 | 1.63 (0.98–2.80) | 0.067 |
| $ spent on drugs/dayb,e | 1.18 (0.64–2.21) | 0.594 | 1.13 (0.64–2.05) | 0.669 | 1.77 (1.04–3.10) | 0.041 | 1.80 (1.08–3.10) | 0.027 |
| Non-fatal overdosea,c | 1.57 (0.87–2.87) | 0.138 | 1.68 (0.96–2.95) | 0.069 | 2.58 (1.57–4.28) | < 0.001 | 3.14 (1.96–5.11) | < 0.001 |
| Methadone treatmenta | 2.69 (1.20–6.91) | 0.024 | 3.21 (1.49–8.00) | 0.006 | 4.24 (2.53–7.16) | < 0.001 | 4.22 (2.60–6.87) | < 0.001 |
| Emergency room visita,b | 0.91 (0.50–1.70) | 0.775 | 1.31 (0.75–2.34) | 0.354 | 1.77 (0.99–3.33) | 0.064 | 1.96 (1.12–3.60) | 0.023 |
| Depression symptomsa | 1.61 (0.85–3.07) | 0.145 | 1.55 (0.85–2.83) | 0.148 | 1.35 (0.79–2.29) | 0.271 | 1.15 (0.69–1.90) | 0.593 |
| Childhood traumaa | 1.08 (0.53–2.15) | 0.825 | 1.17 (0.60–2.21) | 0.630 | 1.58 (0.94–2.66) | 0.083 | 1.61 (0.98–2.62) | 0.059 |
| Experience violencea,b | 2.53 (1.28–5.34) | 0.010 | 2.63 (1.38–5.38) | 0.005 | 1.73 (0.85–3.92) | 0.156 | 1.50 (0.75–3.33) | 0.282 |
| Incarcerationa | 1.07 (0.58–1.95) | 0.823 | 1.44 (0.81–2.53) | 0.212 | 2.60 (1.37–4.87) | 0.003 | 2.82 (1.54–5.00) | 0.001 |
| Regular employmenta,b | 1.05 (0.58–1.92) | 0.868 | 1.02 (0.59–1.80) | 0.938 | 0.85 (0.50–1.49) | 0.564 | 0.96 (0.58–1.63) | 0.873 |
| Drug dealinga,b | 2.62 (1.28–5.84) | 0.012 | 2.41 (1.22–5.23) | 0.017 | 4.61 (2.08–12.27) | 0.001 | 3.88 (1.78–10.19) | 0.002 |
| Sex worka | 0.80 (0.42–1.57) | 0.515 | 0.96 (0.53–1.79) | 0.890 | 0.72 (0.42–1.21) | 0.219 | 0.61 (0.37–1.00) | 0.055 |
aComparison is yes vs. no
bRefers to activities, behaviours, and experiences in the last 6 months
cIncludes injection and non-injection drug use
dIncludes crack cocaine, cocaine, or crystal methamphetamine use
eComparison is <median vs. ≥ median